1. SOLAR ENERGY ISRAEL TODAY.. TOMORROW? Jerusalem College Of Technology Prof. Claude Oiknine 05/03/2013

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1- Main Solar Energy Characteristics 2- Transforming Solar Energy in Usable Energy 3- Efficiency and Price 4- Solar Power Installed in the World and in Israel 5- Historic of Solar Energy in Israel 6- What Future for Solar Energy in Israel 7- Conclusions Jerusalem College Of Technology Prof. Claude Oiknine 05/03/2013

3. Solar Energy Characteristics Nature: Size: Geographically and Time Dependant: Power Density( Solar Irradiance ) : Storability: Prof. Claude Oiknine Jerusalem College Of Technology 05/03/2013

4. NATURE Intermittent: Day-Night, Clouds Unpredictable Weather Complex: - Light Has Both a Wave and Particle Nature. - Sun Energy is Composed of a Multitude of Photons Having Each a Different Wavelength λ,. - A Photon of Wavelength, λ, has an Energy E: E=hc/ λ (h is Planck’s constant c is speed of light) - The Solar Irradiance (W/m2) is the Power Density incident on an Object due to sun illumination. Radiation Direct or Diffuse: Diluted: Solar Energy Characteristics Prof. Claude Oiknine Jerusalem College Of Technology 05/03/2013

5. Direct Radiation and Diffuse Radiation 10% 90% Atmosphere Nature Prof. Claude Oiknine Jerusalem College Of Technology 05/03/2013

6. Energy Reaching the Surface of the Earth every hour is greater than the energy used during one year worldwide Size Solar Energy Characteristics Prof. Claude Oiknine Jerusalem College Of Technology 05/03/2013

7. Geographically Dependent Solar Energy Characteristics

8. Solar Irradiance Energy Released by One Liter of Fuel Combustion = Energy of Sun at Maximum Irradiation Impacting an Area of One Meter Square During Ten Hours Sun Energy is huge but very diluted ( 1000 W/m2 at Ground) Solar Energy Characteristics Prof. Claude Oiknine Jerusalem College Of Technology 05/03/2013

9. Storability Storage is One Mean of Overcoming Intermittent Nature of Solar Energy Existent Systems of Storage are : Batteries and Melt Salts ;they Are Expensive and Polluting Today Major R&D Effort to Find Better Systems for Storage Question : Is Storage the Optimal Solution ? Why not Hybridization? Solar Energy Characteristics Prof. Claude Oiknine Jerusalem College Of Technology 05/03/2013

10. Transforming Solar Energy in Usable Energy 1- Pure Calorific : Hot Water Production 2- Photovoltaic: Flat Panels ( CV ) without sun concentration Systems with Sun Concentration (CPV) Low Concentration : C< 20 Medium : C < 100 High : C > 500 3- Solar Thermal : Trough: Medium concentration, parabolic reflective optics, high power Tower : High concentration, mirrors optics 4- Sterling : Sun concentration by reflective dishes medium to low power PV CPV

11. SOLAR THERMAL TROUGH TOWER DISH WITH STERLING MOTOR SOLAR THERMAL

12. Cheap Optics for Sun Concentration Prof. Claude Oiknine Jerusalem College Of Technology 05/03/2013

13. PV/CPV ? Prof. Claude Oiknine Jerusalem College Of Technology 05/03/2013

14. Efficiency and Price of Different Systems SystemHot Water PVCPVTrough Thermal Thermal Tower Sterling Efficiency50-70%15 %30%15-20 %15-23%27% PowerMW> 40 kW one unit hundred MW 10-50 MW >50 kW Capital Cost ($/W) 2.25<< 3 4.0<4.5<? LCOE (c$/kWh) 15?14 - 3617 - 29? Capital cost = all initial costs: ground preparation, hardware, installation, inverter, financial and administration costs ……($/W) LCOE (Levellized Cost Of Energy)= (Capital Cost + Maintenance Costs During Life Time)/ Total Energy Produced during Life Time ( c$/kWh )

15. Prof. Claude Oiknine Jerusalem College Of Technology 05/03/2013

16. Solar World Capacity PV THERMAL Prof. Claude Oiknine Jerusalem College Of Technology 05/03/2013

17. Solar Energy Implementation in Israel 1- Solar Power Installed in Israel is about 0.5% of Total Power Installed ; it is 6 times less than France and 20 times less than Germany. 2- L’intention est de porter en 2020 cette puissance a : - 1550 MW en champs solaires - 200 MW en rooftop Israel Goal is to Reach about 7% of Total Power When Germany aims at least 35% 3- Achieved Projects or at least Initiated: - Arava Power 5 MW PV Achieved (Ketura) ; 68 MW PV Initiated - Megalim ( Bright Source /Alstom) 121 MW Thermo-Solar Ashalim Initiated In project 250 MW for Ashalim - Rooftop : 80 MW initiated, part achieved. Solar Energy Implementation in Israel is today very limited Prof. Claude Oiknine Jerusalem College Of Technology 05/03/2013

18. Historic of Solar Development in Israel 1950s : First Solar Water Heater by Levi Yssar 1970s : New Generation of Solar Heat Water by Harry Zvi Tabor solar water heater now used in over 90% of Israeli homes 1970s-1980s : Solar Pond developed by ORMAT (L.Y.Brunicki) 5MW, first solar thermal plant in Israel 1983-1990 : Trough thermo solar by Luz I ( A. Goldman) Nine Power Solar Stations installed in California, 354 MW 1992- 2009 : SOLEL purchased most of the assets of Luz I Major supplier of replacement collectors for California Plants Siemens Acquired Solel for 418 M$ Chromagen Prof. Claude Oiknine Jerusalem College Of Technology 05/03/2013 Solel Sun Collector

19. Today Solar Development in Israel Universities Technion: Basic Research and PV Laboratory Ben Gurion University: New Multi Junction Cells, Solar Systems, David Faiman Weizman Institute: Tower (3000 kW,64 heliostats)- Furnace (7000 Sun)- Pilot Tower with beam down optics Tel Aviv University : Center for Renewable Energy A.Kribus Companies About 100 companies Distribution and sub systems Manufacture Water Heating, Engineering Procurement Construction(EPC) for PV and Thermo solar. Startup R&D and Manufacturing 3GSolar,D.I.S.P,Ener-T,LuzII(Bright source), MST, Pythagoras, Zenith,bSolar, Aora,Tenoga……. Good inter relations between University and Industry Israel is perceived worldwide as a major source of solar technology Prof. Claude Oiknine Jerusalem College Of Technology 05/03/2013

20. Israel Assets for Sol ar Energy Irradiation Israel is one of the best location for solar irradiation Technical Knowledge Israel is between the most advanced countries in solar technologies However solar energy production is today ridiculously small! Why? Energy (and Water) are not strategic assets ? We have not enough available ground? Necessary Investment is prohibitive? Prof. Claude Oiknine Jerusalem College Of Technology 05/03/2013

21. Goals and Orders of Magnitude 1- National Consensus in Israel on Strategic Importance of Energy and Water 2- Ground Necessary for 1 GW PV: 12 km2 (less than 1/1000 of Negev area) 3- Capital Investment Necessary for 1GW PV: Today the Capital Investment is 2,25 $ /W So the Capital Investment for PV is 2.25Md$/GW 4- Official Goal of 1,75 GW in 2020 Will Require: 21km2 and about 4 Md$ 5- In Order to be, at least Close to European Goal we Will Need : 40 km2 and Invest 8 Md$ till 2020 t Prof. Claude Oiknine Jerusalem College Of Technology 05/03/2013

22. Conclusions 1- Negev is One of the Best Locations for Solar Energy 2- Israel is One of the Most Advanced Countries for Solar Technology 3- The Official Goal to Reach in 2020 10 % of Renewable Energy Must Be Reached and Increased if Possible Doubled 4- The Area Necessary to Reach this 10% Goal is only 21 km2 5- Discovery of Gas is an Unique Occasion to Finance Installation of Renewable Energy Plants and in particular Solar Plants The Capital Investment per Year is About 500 M$ per year ?

23. PV Panels Are Mainly Manufactured in China and Installed in Europe Where DNI is Two to Three Times Less than in the Sun Belt Who Manufacture, Who Installs? Prof. Claude Oiknine Jerusalem College Of Technology 05/03/2013