1. Basic Spectrogram & Clinical Application: Consonants

2. Sonarants Consonant that manipulates vocal tract resonance
Characteristics
F2 & F3 formant changes
Transitions
Include:
Nasals /m/, /n/ & /h/
Liquids /r/, /l/
Glides /w/, /j/

3. Sonorants
Production involves a greater constriction when compared to vowels and a quicker more extreme movement of the vocal tract compared to diphthongs
Movements and formant transitions slower than all other consonants

4. Nasals Low frequency energy (near Fundamental Frequency)- Nasal Murmer
Place of nasal articulation is defined by the 2nd formant transition & place of antiresonances

5. m a n a
Nasal Murmur
Spectrogram: Nasals

6. Glides Semivowels /j, w/
Gradual transitions that appear on the spectrogram as a slowly changing formant pattern
Formant transitions:
Duration= ms

7. Spectrogram: Glides

8. Liquids
Liquids /l, r/
Formant pattern steady state and transition is the primary acoustic cue
Prolongation effects
/l/ steady state formants
F1= 360 Hz
F2= 1300 Hz
F3= 2700 Hz
/r/ steady state formants
Same F1 & F2 as /l/ but much lower F3

9. Spectrogram: Liquids l r

10. Stops Acoustic Cues: Silent or low energy interval, burst, transition
Silent interval = oral constriction (I.e. closure of lips for /b/); also termed a stop gap
Voiced stops can be seen on the voice bar as noise energy
Burst = Articulatory constriction is released; energy released looks like noise on the spectogram
Transition= formant transition into following vowel

11. Stops Bilabial Stops (/p/, /b/): Alveolar Stops (/t/, /d/):
F1 starts at zero & rises to F1 of next vowel
F2 starts at 800 Hz & rises to F2 of following vowel
F3 increases for following vowel
Alveolar Stops (/t/, /d/):
F1 same as for bilabial stops
F2 starts at 1800 Hz & rises to F2 of following vowel
Velar Stops (/k/, /g/):
F1 same as for bilabials
F2 has 2 starting points 1300 & 2300 Hz

12. Spectrogram with Transitions: /d a d/

13. Voiceless Stop Consonants

14. Stops Characteristics:
Voice onset time (VOT)= time between stop release (burst) and the onset of glottal pulsing
Voiced= shorter VOT
Longer VOT in cleft palate, dysarthric speakers and phonological disorders

15. Fricatives Spectrum of noise is the acoustic cue & formant transition
Specific location of turbulence
Labiodental /f,v/
Low energy, flat diffuse spectra (front cavity is short with little filtering effect on noise energy)
Linguadental /q,ð/
Low energy, flat and diffuse spectra (front cavity gives little shaping to spectrum)
Lingu-alveolar /s, z/
High energy noise spectra, energy lying in high frequencies (above 4 kHz) (front cavity longer contributing to distinctive spectral shaping)
Linguapalatal /sh, zh/
Intense noise spectra, energy lying in mid to high frequencies (above 2kHz) (front cavity significant resonance effect)

16. Spectrum: Changing Pattern of Fricative Noise

17. Fricatives: Spectrum
Higher energy spectra
Low to mid energy spectra

18. Affricates
Affricate consonants have a stop gap (silence, low energy interval) followed by intense frication
Stop gap= articulatory closure
Frication= noise after closure is released

19. Spectrogram: /judge/

20. Laboratory Part I: SONORANTS: Nasal Consonants
Make a wide-band spectrogram of:
“mow”, “no”
Draw a vertical line where consonant ends and vowel begins
Locate nasal murmer, 1st & 2nd formants, antiresonances
What spectral differences do you see?
Locate the 2nd formant transitions on both. What are the differences?
“Some”, “Sun”
Label the same as the first spectrogram
Contrast both spectrograms

21. Laboratory Part II: Approximants Glides & Liquids
Wide band spectrogram of “a ray”, “a lay”, “a way”, “a yea”
Label each phone on the spectrogram
Compare /r/ & /l/
Determine the relative frequency of F1, F2 & F3
Determine whether there is acoustic energy present at higher frequencies is low or high
What acoustic characteristics are different between consonants?

22. Laboratory Part III: Silibants Fricatives
Say “sigh” and “shy” at a moderate rate
Obtain a wide-band spectrogram (at least 8 kHz)
Locate & label each phone
What are the spectral characteristics that distinguish it from vowels and other consonants?

23. Laboratory Part II: Nonsilibnts
Obtain a wide-band spectrogram of “high”, “fie” and “thigh”
Label each phone
What spectral features distinguish phones?
How do they differ from silibants?
Obtain a wide-band spectrogram of “ether” and “either”
Label