1. Ethical Decision Making: Earning Public Trust Sally Rhys, MS, SPHR, CCEP International Public Management Association: Human Resources Western Region Conference April 28, 2011

2. Sally Rhys, Focus on Business Ethics, 4/28/2011 Diego’s Dilemma

3. Sally Rhys, Focus on Business Ethics, 4/28/2011 Ethical Dilemma Right vs Right

4. Sally Rhys, Focus on Business Ethics, 4/28/2011 The Four Dilemmas

5. Sally Rhys, Focus on Business Ethics, 4/28/2011 #1 TruthLoyalty vs

6. Sally Rhys, Focus on Business Ethics, 4/28/2011 #2 Short Term Long Term vs

7. Sally Rhys, Focus on Business Ethics, 4/28/2011 #3 IndividualCommunity vs

8. Sally Rhys, Focus on Business Ethics, 4/28/2011 #4 Justice Mercy vs

9. Sally Rhys, Focus on Business Ethics, 4/28/2011 The Four Dilemmas Truth versus Loyalty Short Term versus Long Term Individual versus Community Justice versus Mercy From How Good People Make Tough Choices by Rushworth Kidder

10. Sally Rhys, Focus on Business Ethics, 4/28/2011 Three Moral Frameworks

11. Sally Rhys, Focus on Business Ethics, 4/28/2011 Ends Based Thinking “The greatest good for the greatest number.”

12. Sally Rhys, Focus on Business Ethics, 4/28/2011 Rule Based Thinking A suitable rule for everyone else to follow in similar situations.

13. Sally Rhys, Focus on Business Ethics, 4/28/2011 Care Based Thinking The Golden Rule: “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.”

14. Sally Rhys, Focus on Business Ethics, 4/28/2011 The Three Moral Frameworks Ends Based Rule Based Care Based

15. Sally Rhys, Focus on Business Ethics, 4/28/2011 Decision Making Models

16. Sally Rhys, Focus on Business Ethics, 4/28/2011 #1: Santa Clara University 1. Recognize the situation as an ethical issue 2. Get the facts 3. Evaluate alternative actions 4. Make a decision and test it 5. Act and reflect on the outcomes From Markkula Center for Applied Ethics

17. Sally Rhys, Focus on Business Ethics, 4/28/2011 #2: The Four Imperatives Legal: Societies’ Agreements Pragmatic: Good for Business Perceptual: Need for Support Personal: Individual Value From Moral Leadership in Business by LaRue T. Hosmer and Navran Associates

18. Sally Rhys, Focus on Business Ethics, 4/28/2011 Four Imperatives cont’d Legal Imperative: Is this action according to laws? Is it in accordance with commonly accepted rights of others? Pragmatic Imperative: Is this action likely to make good business sense? Is this action going to support more efficient production? From Moral Leadership in Business by LaRue T. Hosmer and Navran Associates

19. Sally Rhys, Focus on Business Ethics, 4/28/2011 Four Imperatives cont’d Perceptual Imperative: Would I be proud to see this reported on national TV? Will this action build a sense of community? Personal Imperative: Is this congruent with my values? Would I condone this activity in others? From Moral Leadership in Business by LaRue T. Hosmer and Navran Associates

20. Sally Rhys, Focus on Business Ethics, 4/28/2011 #2: The Four Imperatives Legal: Societies’ Agreements Pragmatic: Good for Business Perceptual: Need for Support Personal: Individual Value From Moral Leadership in Business by LaRue T. Hosmer and Navran Associates

21. Sally Rhys, Focus on Business Ethics, 4/28/2011 !!! Fatal Flaw!!!

22. Sally Rhys, Focus on Business Ethics, 4/28/2011 #3: Person-Situation Interactionist Stage of Cognitive Development Individual Moderators Situational Moderators Ability to Apply Previous Models

23. Sally Rhys, Focus on Business Ethics, 4/28/2011 Stages of Cognitive Development 1&2: Concerned with concrete consequences 3&4: Concerned with what is “right” 5&6: Right is determined by universal values or principles

24. Sally Rhys, Focus on Business Ethics, 4/28/2011 Personality: Individual Differences Sense of Self Self management, e.g. resist impulses, follow own convictions The Situation Follow the crowd: Degree of dependence on context vs internal moral compass to guide actions Self determining Master of own fate: Degree of belief that outcomes are due to self rather than fate/luck/destiny

25. Sally Rhys, Focus on Business Ethics, 4/28/2011 Situational Variables Job Context Good behaviors noticed? Bad behaviors punished? Pressure due to time, budget, resources? Organizational Culture Norms Role models Obedience to authority Responsibility for consequences

26. Sally Rhys, Focus on Business Ethics, 4/28/2011 Oregon State Guidelines

27. Sally Rhys, Focus on Business Ethics, 4/28/2011 Washington State Guidelines

28. Sally Rhys, Focus on Business Ethics, 4/28/2011 California State Guidelines

29. Sally Rhys, Focus on Business Ethics, 4/28/2011 IMPA-HR: Principles and Values Statement …highest standards of professional competence and personal conduct …respect the dignity of all individuals …uphold all federal, state, and local laws..to instill in the public a sense of confidence and trust about the conduct of my employer..avoid a conflict of interest …not compromise, for personal gain.., my integrity

30. Sally Rhys, Focus on Business Ethics, 4/28/2011 Case Study Find a case study at your table Find a decision making model at your table Apply assigned model to case study: debate to force higher contributions Think about process, not so much outcome Santa Clara Four Imperatives Prepare to share key insights about the model

31. Sally Rhys, Focus on Business Ethics, 4/28/2011 Report out What did you learn by using the model? What is the impact on different stakeholders? Could you personally live with the decision?

32. Sally Rhys, Focus on Business Ethics, 4/28/2011 In the moment…

33. Sally Rhys, Focus on Business Ethics, 4/28/2011 Publicity Test Would I want this on the front page of a major newspaper?

34. Sally Rhys, Focus on Business Ethics, 4/28/2011 Fairness Test Would I treat my best friend this way?

35. Sally Rhys, Focus on Business Ethics, 4/28/2011 Universality Test Would I recommend others go in the same direction?

36. Sally Rhys, Focus on Business Ethics, 4/28/2011 What would you do if you were Diego?

37. Sally Rhys, Focus on Business Ethics, 4/28/2011 Ethical Leadership

38. Sally Rhys, Focus on Business Ethics, 4/28/2011 What can you do to enhance organizational ethics?

39. Sally Rhys, Focus on Business Ethics, 4/28/2011 Resources How Good People Make Tough Choices, Rushworth Kidder Moral Leadership in Business, LaRue T. Hosmer www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/decision Ethical Decision Making in Organizations: A Person- Situation Interactionist Model, Linda K. Trevino, Academy of Management Review, 1986 Defining Moments, Joseph L. Badaracco, Jr Me!

40. Sally Rhys, Focus on Business Ethics, 4/28/2011 Thank you! Sally Rhys, MS, CCEP, SPHR www.FocusonBusinessEthics.com Sally@FocusonBusinessEthics.com 971-678-0489 Have ethics. Will travel.