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Published byTrevor Sarra Modified over 10 years ago
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Diabetes Mellitus and Non- Alcoholic Fatty Liver Diseas
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Case study 56 year old Kuwaiti man
T2DM and hypercholestremia diagnosed 6 years ago “little” Alcohol intake during weekends Medications - Metformin - Gliclazide - Atorvastatin - Baby Aspirin
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Case study continued Physical exam: BMI 40 hepatomegaly Labs:
WBC ALT 76 iu/L (N < 60) HB 12 g/dl AST 120 iu/L (N<40) plat 122,000 ALP 70 iu/L (N) INR 1 Albumin 39 g/L Iron Sat 40% S Ferritin 600 ug/L(N <350)
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Abdominal Ultrasound
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Questions What is the most likely cause of abnormal LFT in this patient ? Would you proceed to liver biopsy if viral, autoimmune, and metabolic markers are negative ? Should you stop statins ? How would manage this patient ? Would you recommend bariatric surgery ?
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Spectrum of Liver Disease in Diabetics
Non Alcoholic Fatty live disease Alcoholic liver disease
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Spectrum of Liver Disease in Diabetics
Chronic viral hepatitis especially HCV Autoimmune hepatitis Wilson’s disease
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Spectrum of Liver Disease in Diabetics
Hemochromatosis Secondary iron overload
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Definition of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
Evidence of fatty accumulation in the liver by imaging or histology Alcohol intake less than 21 and 14 drinks per week for men and women respectively No causes for secondary fat accumulation eg drugs, TPN, starvation, etc
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Classification of NAFLD
Non Alcoholic fatty liver NAFL (steatosis without inflammation) Non Alcoholic Steatohepatitis NASH Low Risk of progression to cirrhosis Increased CDV mortality Increased risk of progression to cirrhosis Increased risk of CDV mortality
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Simple Steatosis NAFL >5%–10% macrosteatotic hepatocytes
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NASH (without fibrosis)
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Hepatocyte Ballooning and Mallory Bodies
Mallory Body
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Cirrhosis (stage 4) Early stage 3 (bridging fibrosis)
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Pathogenesis The two (or three) hit hypothesis
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HSC: hepatic stellate cells
Possible role of adipose tissue insulin resistance and lipotoxicity in the progression from NAFLD and NASH. (1) In the setting of obesity or T2DM, increased rates of lipolysis and plasma FFA, combined with hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia, stimulate excessive hepatic TG synthesis. (2) Steatosis in turn may (i) exacerbate hepatic insulin resistance, (ii) stimulate VLDL secretion, and (iii) increase mitochondrial beta-oxidation. If a new steadystate is achieved, only benign steatosis takes place. (3) If mitochondrial function cannot adapt to the increased FFA flux and respiratory oxidation collapses, lipid-derived toxic metabolites activate inflammatory pathways and hepatocyte lipotoxicity leading to. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response also participate in the pathogenesis of NASH. (4) The cross-talk between hepatocytes, macrophages, and hepatic stellate cells (HSC) determines the degree of the fibrogenic response and potential progression to cirrhosis. (From Cusi K. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2009;16:141–9; with permission. Bacterial overgrowth HSC: hepatic stellate cells
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epidemiology
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Vernon G et al. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;34:274-85.
Prevalence of NAFLD Vernon G et al. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;34:
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Prevalence of NAFLD in Select Populations By Ultrasound
Chalasani N et al. Hepatology 2012;55:
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NAFLD—Histological Spectrum and Natural History
HCC Time Progression 10-20yrs 2-5 % Cirrhosis 20-25 % Lobular Inflammation NASH 5% Non Alcoholoc fatty liver NAFL
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Risk Factors For Progression To Cirrhosis
-Diabetes -BMI > 30 - AST> ALT -Age > 50 -Hispanic - Ferritin > 1.5 X nml ≥ 2 factors consider liver biopsy to assess stage of disease
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Diagnosis
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Diagnostic Approach Liver enzymes
Viral, autoimmune, and metabolic ( iron studies and ceruloplasmin) Lipid profile TSH Imaging: US, CT, MRI, Fibroscan NAFLD score Liver biopsy
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Normal appearance of the liver at US
Normal appearance of the liver at US. The echogenicity of the liver is equal to or slightly Greater than that of the renal cortex (rc).
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Normal Liver Fatty liver
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Fibroscan
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NAFLD fibrosis score http://nafldscore.com Age BMI Hyperglycemia
Platelet count Albumin AST ALT
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NAFLD fibrosis score < : predictor of absence of significant fibrosis (F0-F2 fibrosis) ≤ to ≤ 0.675: indeterminate score > 0.675: predictor of presence of significant fibrosis (F3-F4 fibrosis)
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Treatment Life style modification Pharmacologic therapy Surgery
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Summary of life style intervention studies: Diet and physical activity
1 2 3 4 5 1.Lazo M et al. Diabetes Care Kantarzis K et al. Gut Promrat K et al. Hepatology St George A et al. J Gastro Hepatol Hallsworth K et al. Gut 2009
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Lifestyle Interventions
Aim Hb A1c < 6.5 Correct dyslipidemia Alcohol consumption should be avoided or limited to one drink a day. 10 % weight loss led to improvement in steatosis, necrosis, and inflammation; not fibrosis. Moderate exercise ( min/wk)alone can reduce steatosis but may not affect necroinflammation 2-3 Cups of filtered coffee may prevent fibrosis ??? Weight loss 1-2 pounds per week * Promrat, et al. Hepatology 2010 ** Dunn, et al. Hepatology 2008 ** Gunji. et al. Am J Gastro 2009 ** Moriya, et al. Alim Pharm Ther 2011 ***Ruhl , et al. Clin Gastro Hepatol 2005
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Pharmacotherapy Insulin Sensitizers Hepatoprotectants Metformin
Pioglitazone Hepatoprotectants Ursodeoxycholic acid Vitamin E Omega-3
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Summary of trials involving Pioglitazone therapy for NAFLD
Abbreviations: RCT, randomized controlled trial; , improvement; , no effect.
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AASLD recommendations:
Pioglitazone can be used to treat NASH in patients who have DM but long term safety and efficacy has not been established Caution in patient with impaired myocardial function
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Summary of trials involving Metformin therapy for NAFLD
Abbreviations: n/a, not available; RCT, randomized controlled trial; , improvement; , no effect.
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Summary of trials involving Vitamin E therapy for NAFLD
Abbreviations: n/a, not available; RCT, randomized controlled trial; , improvement; , no effect. effect
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Vitamin E: Safety Concerns
Meta-analysis including 136,000 participants found taking Vitamin E supplements > 400 IU/day had a higher risk of all cause mortality* Vitamin E > 400 IU/day increases risk of prostate cancer in relatively healthy men** *Miller et al . Annals of Internal Medicine 2005 ** Klein, et al. JAMA 2011
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AASLD Recommendations-Vit E
“until further data supporting its effictiveness become available, vit E is not recommended to treat NASH in diabetics”
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Summary of trials involving UDCA therapy for NAFLD
Abbreviations: n/a, not available;
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AASLD Recommendations
Metformin and usrodeoxycholic acid do not induce histologic improvement Not recommended as specific therapies for NAFLD
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Summary of Bariatric surgery trials for NAFLD
Abbreviations: n/a, not available; , improvement; , no effect
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AASLD Recommendation on Bariatric Surgery
Premature to consider foregut surgery as an option to specifically treat NASH Foregut surgery is not contra-indicated in otherwise eligible pts with NASH or NAFLD WITHOUT cirrhosis For those with cirrhosis: type, safety and efficacy of foregut surgery is not established
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Statins CVD common cause of death for NAFLD and NASH
Stratify risks and treat accordingly Several studies show NAFLD and NASH pts are not at increased risk of liver injury over general population* No RCTs with histological end points using statins to treat NASH *Chalasani, et al. Am J Gastro 2012
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GREACE Study: Safety of Statins in Patients with Abnormal LFT
Cardiovascular outcomes study Athyros et al Lancet 2010
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AASLD Recommendation on Statins
“Given lack of evidence that patients with NAFLD and NASH are at increased risk for serious drug-induced liver injury from statins, they can be used to treat dyslipidemia in patients with NAFLD and NASH.”
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Take Home Messages NAFLD is very common in diabetics who are at higher risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular ca than the general population Viral, autoimmune and metabolic liver disease should be ruled out in diabetics with NAFLD Liver biopsy maybe considered in high risk patients Lifestyle modification is the cornerstone of treatment No drugs are currently recommended Statins and fibrates are safe in NAFLD patients except in those with decompensated cirrhosis
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Thank You
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