1. Support Vector Machine & Its Applications Abhishek Sharma Dept. of EEE BIT Mesra Aug 16, 2010 Course: Neural Network Professor: Dr. B.M. Karan Semester : Monsoon 2010 A portion (1/3) of the slides are taken from Prof. Andrew Moore’s SVM tutorial at http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~awm/tutorials A considerable part (1.8/3) is taken from SVM presentation of Mingyue Tan The University of British Columbia

2. Overview Artificial Neural Networks vs. SVM Intro. to Support Vector Machines (SVM) Properties of SVM Applications  Text Categorization References

3. ANN vs SVM The development of ANNs followed a heuristic path, with applications and extensive experimentation preceding theory. In contrast, the development of SVMs involved sound theory first, then implementation and experiments. A significant advantage of SVMs is that whilst ANNs can suffer from multiple local minima, the solution to an SVM is global and unique. Two more advantages of SVMs are that that have a simple geometric interpretation and give a sparse solution. Unlike ANNs, the computational complexity of SVMs does not depend on the dimensionality of the input space. The reason that SVMs often outperform ANNs in practice is that they deal with the biggest problem with ANNs, SVMs are less prone to overfitting.

4. Researchers’ Opinions "They differ radically from comparable approaches such as neural networks: SVM training always finds a global minimum, and their simple geometric interpretation provides fertile ground for further investigation." Burgess (1998) "Unlike conventional statistical and neural network methods, the SVM approach does not attempt to control model complexity by keeping the number of features small. "In contrast to neural networks SVMs automatically select their model size (by selecting the Support vectors)." Rychetsky (2001)

5. Support Vector Machine (SVM) A classifier derived from statistical learning theory by Vapnik, et al. in 1992 SVM became famous when, using images as input, it gave accuracy comparable to neural- network with hand-designed features in a handwriting recognition task Currently, SVM is widely used in object detection & recognition, content-based image retrieval, text recognition, biometrics, speech recognition, etc. V. Vapnik

6. Linear Classifiers f x  y est denotes +1 denotes -1 f(x,w,b) = sign(w x + b) How would you classify this data? w x + b=0 w x + b<0 w x + b>0

7. Linear Classifiers f x  y est denotes +1 denotes -1 f(x,w,b) = sign(w x + b) How would you classify this data?

8. Linear Classifiers f x  y est denotes +1 denotes -1 f(x,w,b) = sign(w x + b) How would you classify this data?

9. Linear Classifiers f x  y est denotes +1 denotes -1 f(x,w,b) = sign(w x + b) Any of these would be fine....but which is best?

10. Linear Classifiers f x  y est denotes +1 denotes -1 f(x,w,b) = sign(w x + b) How would you classify this data? Misclassified to +1 class

11. Classifier Margin f x  y est denotes +1 denotes -1 f(x,w,b) = sign(w x + b) Define the margin of a linear classifier as the width that the boundary could be increased by before hitting a datapoint. Classifier Margin f x  y est denotes +1 denotes -1 f(x,w,b) = sign(w x + b) Define the margin of a linear classifier as the width that the boundary could be increased by before hitting a datapoint.

12. Maximum Margin f x  y est denotes +1 denotes -1 f(x,w,b) = sign(w x + b) The maximum margin linear classifier is the linear classifier with the, um, maximum margin. This is the simplest kind of SVM (Called an LSVM) Linear SVM Support Vectors are those datapoints that the margin pushes up against 1.Maximizing the margin is good according to intuition and PAC theory 2.Implies that only support vectors are important; other training examples are ignorable. 3.Empirically it works very very well.

13. Let me digress to…what is PAC Theory? Two important aspects of complexity in machine learning. First, sample complexity: in many learning problems, training data is expensive and we should hope not to need too much of it. Secondly, computational complexity: A neural network, for example, which takes an hour to train may be of no practical use in complex financial prediction problems. Important that both the amount of training data required for a prescribed level of performance and the running time of the learning algorithm in learning from this data do not increase too dramatically as the `difficulty' of the learning problem increases.

14. Such issues have been formalised and investigated over the past decade within the field of `computational learning theory'. One popular framework for discussing such problems is the probabilistic framework which has become known as the `probably approximately correct', or PAC, model of learning. Let me digress to…what is PAC Theory?

15. Linear SVM Mathematically What we know: w. x + + b = +1 w. x - + b = -1 w. (x + -x -) = 2 “Predict Class = +1” zone “Predict Class = -1” zone wx+b=1 wx+b=0 wx+b=-1 X-X- x+x+ M=Margin Width

16. Linear SVM Mathematically Goal: 1) Correctly classify all training data if y i = +1 if y i = -1 for all i 2) Maximize the Margin same as minimize We can formulate a Quadratic Optimization Problem and solve for w and b Minimize subject to

17. Solving the Optimization Problem Need to optimize a quadratic function subject to linear constraints. Quadratic optimization problems are a well-known class of mathematical programming problems, and many (rather intricate) algorithms exist for solving them. The solution involves constructing a dual problem where a Lagrange multiplier α i is associated with every constraint in the primary problem: Find w and b such that Φ(w) =½ w T w is minimized; and for all { ( x i,y i )} : y i (w T x i + b) ≥ 1 Find α 1 …α N such that Q( α ) = Σ α i - ½ ΣΣ α i α j y i y j x i T x j is maximized and (1) Σ α i y i = 0 (2) α i ≥ 0 for all α i

18. A digression… Lagrange Multipliers In mathematical optimization, the method of Lagrange multipliers provides a strategy for finding the maxima and minima of a function subject to constraints. For instance, consider the optimization problem maximize subject to We introduce a new variable (λ) called a Lagrange multiplier, and study the Lagrange function defined by (the λ term may be either added or subtracted.) If (x,y) is a maximum for the original constrained problem, then there exists a λ such that (x,y,λ) is a stationary point for the Lagrange function (stationary points are those points where the partial derivatives of Λ are zero).

19. The Optimization Problem Solution The solution has the form: Each non-zero α i indicates that corresponding x i is a support vector. Then the classifying function will have the form: Notice that it relies on an inner product between the test point x and the support vectors x i – we will return to this later. Also keep in mind that solving the optimization problem involved computing the inner products x i T x j between all pairs of training points. w = Σ α i y i x i b= y k - w T x k for any x k such that α k  0 f(x) = Σ α i y i x i T x + b

20. Dataset with noise Hard Margin: So far we require all data points be classified correctly - No training error What if the training set is noisy? - Solution 1: use very powerful kernels denotes +1 denotes -1 OVERFITTING!

21. Slack variables ξi can be added to allow misclassification of difficult or noisy examples. wx+b=1 wx+b=0 wx+b=-1 77  11 22 Soft Margin Classification What should our quadratic optimization criterion be? Minimize

22. Hard Margin v.s. Soft Margin The old formulation: The new formulation incorporating slack variables: Parameter C can be viewed as a way to control overfitting. Find w and b such that Φ(w) =½ w T w is minimized and for all { ( x i,y i )} y i (w T x i + b) ≥ 1 Find w and b such that Φ(w) =½ w T w + C Σ ξ i is minimized and for all { ( x i,y i )} y i (w T x i + b) ≥ 1- ξ i and ξ i ≥ 0 for all i

23. Linear SVMs: Overview The classifier is a separating hyperplane. Most “ important ” training points are support vectors; they define the hyperplane. Quadratic optimization algorithms can identify which training points x i are support vectors with non-zero Lagrangian multipliers α i. Both in the dual formulation of the problem and in the solution training points appear only inside dot products: Find α 1 …α N such that Q(α) =Σα i - ½ΣΣα i α j y i y j x i T x j is maximized and (1) Σα i y i = 0 (2) 0 ≤ α i ≤ C for all α i f(x) = Σ α i y i x i T x + b

24. Non-linear SVMs Datasets that are linearly separable with some noise work out great: But what are we going to do if the dataset is just too hard? How about … mapping data to a higher-dimensional space: 0 x 0 x 0 x x2x2

25. Non-linear SVMs: Feature spaces General idea: the original input space can always be mapped to some higher-dimensional feature space where the training set is separable: Φ: x → φ(x)

26. The “ Kernel Trick ” The linear classifier relies on dot product between vectors K(x i,x j )=x i T x j If every data point is mapped into high-dimensional space via some transformation Φ: x → φ(x), the dot product becomes: K(x i,x j )= φ(x i ) T φ(x j ) A kernel function is some function that corresponds to an inner product in some expanded feature space. Example: 2-dimensional vectors x=[x 1 x 2 ]; let K(x i,x j )=(1 + x i T x j ) 2, Need to show that K(x i,x j )= φ(x i ) T φ(x j ): K(x i,x j )=(1 + x i T x j ) 2, = 1+ x i1 2 x j1 2 + 2 x i1 x j1 x i2 x j2 + x i2 2 x j2 2 + 2x i1 x j1 + 2x i2 x j2 = [1 x i1 2 √2 x i1 x i2 x i2 2 √2x i1 √2x i2 ] T [1 x j1 2 √2 x j1 x j2 x j2 2 √2x j1 √2x j2 ] = φ(x i ) T φ(x j ), where φ(x) = [1 x 1 2 √2 x 1 x 2 x 2 2 √2x 1 √2x 2 ]

27. What Functions are Kernels? For some functions K(x i,x j ) checking that K(x i,x j )= φ(x i ) T φ(x j ) can be cumbersome. Mercer’s theorem: Every semi-positive definite symmetric function is a kernel

28. Examples of Kernel Functions Linear: K(x i,x j )= x i T x j Polynomial of power p: K(x i,x j )= (1+ x i T x j ) p Gaussian (radial-basis function network): Sigmoid: K(x i,x j )= tanh(β 0 x i T x j + β 1 )

29. Non-linear SVMs Mathematically Dual problem formulation: The solution is: Optimization techniques for finding α i ’s remain the same! Find α 1 …α N such that Q(α) =Σα i - ½ΣΣα i α j y i y j K(x i, x j ) is maximized and (1) Σα i y i = 0 (2) α i ≥ 0 for all α i f(x) = Σα i y i K(x i, x j )+ b

30. SVM locates a separating hyperplane in the feature space and classify points in that space It does not need to represent the space explicitly, simply by defining a kernel function The kernel function plays the role of the dot product in the feature space. Nonlinear SVM - Overview

31. Properties of SVM Flexibility in choosing a similarity function Sparseness of solution when dealing with large data sets - only support vectors are used to specify the separating hyperplane Ability to handle large feature spaces - complexity does not depend on the dimensionality of the feature space Overfitting can be controlled by soft margin approach Nice math property: a simple convex optimization problem which is guaranteed to converge to a single global solution Feature Selection

32. SVM Applications SVM has been used successfully in many real-world problems - text (and hypertext) categorization - image classification – different types of sub- problems - bioinformatics (Protein classification, Cancer classification) - hand-written character recognition

33. Application 1: Cancer Classification High Dimensional - p>1000; n<100 Imbalanced - less positive samples Many irrelevant features Noisy Genes Patientsg-1g-2 …… g-p P-1 p-2 ……. p-np-n FEATURE SELECTION In the linear case, w i 2 gives the ranking of dim i SVM is sensitive to noisy (mis-labeled) data 

34. Weakness of SVM It is sensitive to noise - A relatively small number of mislabeled examples can dramatically decrease the performance It only considers two classes - how to do multi-class classification with SVM? - Answer: 1) with output arity m, learn m SVM’s  SVM 1 learns “Output==1” vs “Output != 1”  SVM 2 learns “Output==2” vs “Output != 2”  :  SVM m learns “Output==m” vs “Output != m” 2)To predict the output for a new input, just predict with each SVM and find out which one puts the prediction the furthest into the positive region.

35. Application: Text Categorization Task: The classification of natural text (or hypertext) documents into a fixed number of predefined categories based on their content. - email filtering, web searching, sorting documents by topic, etc.. A document can be assigned to more than one category, so this can be viewed as a series of binary classification problems, one for each category

36. Application : Face Expression Recognition Construct feature space, by use of eigenvectors or other means Multiple class problem, several expressions Use multi-class SVM

37. Some Issues Choice of kernel - Gaussian or polynomial kernel is default - if ineffective, more elaborate kernels are needed Choice of kernel parameters - e.g. σ in Gaussian kernel - σ is the distance between closest points with different classifications - In the absence of reliable criteria, applications rely on the use of a validation set or cross-validation to set such parameters. Optimization criterion – Hard margin v.s. Soft margin - a lengthy series of experiments in which various parameters are tested

38. Additional Resources LibSVM An excellent tutorial on VC-dimension and Support Vector Machines: C.J.C. Burges. A tutorial on support vector machines for pattern recognition. Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 2(2):955- 974, 1998. The VC/SRM/SVM Bible: Statistical Learning Theory by Vladimir Vapnik, Wiley- Interscience; 1998 http://www.kernel-machines.org/

39. Reference Support Vector Machine Classification of Microarray Gene Expression Data, Michael P. S. Brown William Noble Grundy, David Lin, Nello Cristianini, Charles Sugnet, Manuel Ares, Jr., David Haussler www.cs.utexas.edu/users/mooney/cs391L/svm.ppt Text categorization with Support Vector Machines: learning with many relevant features T. Joachims, ECML - 98