1. 1 Ingeniería de Servicios y Protocolos – Services and Protocols Engineering Ana Belén García Hernando Ingeniería de servicios y protocolos Services and protocols engineering ADVANCED NETWORKING Next Internet: IP for connecting Smart Objects Ana Belén García Hernando abgarcia@diatel.upm.es, anabelen.garcia@upm.es

2. 2 Ingeniería de Servicios y Protocolos – Services and Protocols Engineering Ana Belén García Hernando What is a Smart Object?  Processing capabilities  “Smart …”  Senses or actuates over the physical world  “… Object” mThe context is highly significant for its behaviour.  In order to do anything, it needs an energy source mMains, batteries, harvesting techniques (e.g. solar, vibrations, wind).  The great potential of Smart Objects comes mainly from the fact that they are inter-connected (with other SO’s, with external networks, with the Internet) mUsually using LLN (Low-power and Lossy Networks): either wireless (e.g. Zigbee) or wired (e.g. PLC).

3. 3 Ingeniería de Servicios y Protocolos – Services and Protocols Engineering Ana Belén García Hernando Examples of Smart Object networks Smart garment Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks Mobile comm’s Smart metering Smart grids Embedded systems Ambient Assisted Living Body Area Networks, Wearable devices Biological & Health sensors V2V, V2I Networks Smart mobility

4. 4 Ingeniería de Servicios y Protocolos – Services and Protocols Engineering Ana Belén García Hernando Design principles of conventional IP networks  Layered architecture (or almost layered) mSubnetwork agnosticism mEasier to design and introduce new protocols mPossibly less optimized than cross-layering  The complexity is located at the edges mNetwork nodes perform the forwarding function without doing any application-related processing mIn some LLN, a certain degree of in-network processing (such as data aggregation) may be desirable.  Flexiblility: mIt accommodates new networks and new applications mSupports several types of communication services (UDP, TCP) over a common unreliable and robust network layer  Robustness: must survive to individual link and node failures

5. 5 Ingeniería de Servicios y Protocolos – Services and Protocols Engineering Ana Belén García Hernando Is IP adequate for Smart Object networks? (1)  SO networks are usually constrained, both in: mNode capacities  several IPv6 stacks for constrained devices have been already implemented, with small footprints.  From around 10 kB of memory footprint (RAM+ROM), such as in ARv6, NSv6 or uIPv6, to around 30 kB, such as in lwIP. [IPSO2010] mNetwork bandwidth and MTU  new adaptation layers for carrying IPv6 over LLN (6LowPAN for IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4 and other LowPAN technologies, in progress)

6. 6 Ingeniería de Servicios y Protocolos – Services and Protocols Engineering Ana Belén García Hernando Is IP adequate for Smart Object networks? (2)  SO networks may be composed of hundreds, or even thousands of nodes. Auto-configuration is many times a must  SO networks may have to accomodate a variety of applications with different requirements mDifferent routing options may be present (e.g. a less-delay route vs. a route that avoids battery- power nodes)  LLN may present either permanent (e.g. the depletion of a node’s energy) or transient (e.g. a temporary raise in a link’s BER) failures. mIt is crucial for network stability NOT to over-react  Both links and nodes costs and parameters are significant for routing  IPv6 provides enough addresses, as well as auto-configuration procedures. IP scalability is beyond any doubt  New routing mechanisms and protocols are needed

7. 7 Ingeniería de Servicios y Protocolos – Services and Protocols Engineering Ana Belén García Hernando IP for SO: Specific protocols and algorithms  Idea: do not reinvent the wheel! Reuse whatever IPv6 is applicable to LLN, and generate new algorithms and protocols only where needed.  Main IETF [IETF_WG] initiatives related to IP for SO: m6lowpan (IPv6 over Low power WPAN): IPv6 Packets over IEEE 802.15.4 Networks, DECT Ultra Low Energy (work in progress) and Bluetooth Low Energy (work in progress). mROLL (Routing Over Low power and Lossy networks): RPL: IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low power and Lossy Networks (work in progress). mCoRE (Constrained RESTful Environments): Definition of a Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) for the manipulation of Resources on a Device.  IPSO Alliance [IPSO_Web] is a non-profit association of more than 60 members that advocates for IP networked devices for use in energy, consumer, healthcare and industrial applications. mThey do not generate standards, they “provide a foundation for industry growth through building stronger relationships, fostering awareness, providing education, promoting the industry, generating research, and creating a better understanding of IP and its role in connecting Smart Objects.”

8. 8 Ingeniería de Servicios y Protocolos – Services and Protocols Engineering Ana Belén García Hernando Main applications considered for RPL  Urban networks (including Smart Grid).  Building automation  Industrial automation  Home automation  These yield requirements such as: mScalability mParameter-Constrained Routing mSupport of Multicast and Anycast mMobility Requirements mReliability Requirements mNetwork Dynamicity mLatency mStability mConvergence time mSecurity Considerations  Are there different requirements for other applications?

9. 9 Ingeniería de Servicios y Protocolos – Services and Protocols Engineering Ana Belén García Hernando References and further reading [Vasseur2010] Jean-Philippe Vasseur, Adam Dunkels. “Interconnecting Smart Objects with IP: The Next Internet”. Morgan Kaufmann, 2010. [IPSO2010] Internet Protocol for Smart Objects (IPSO) Alliance. “IP for Smart Objects”. White Paper. July 2010. [IPSO_Web] IPSO Alliance Website [IETF_WG] Active IETF Working Groups [IPSO_RPL_2010] IPSO Webinar: Overview of the RPL protocol (routing for IP Smart Object networks). Slides. 4/12/10. [IPSO_6LoWPAN_2010] IPSO Webinar: 6LoWPAN. Slides. November 30th, 2010.