1. Lauri Virtanen Supervisor: Professor Raimo Kantola Instructor: Lic.Sc.(Tech.) Nicklas Beijar Faculty of Electronics, Communications and Automation Department of Communications and Networking October 29th, 2009

2. Agenda Backround & Objectives Network Address Translation (NAT) Domain Name System (DNS) Customer Edge Switching (CES) Concept CES Prototype Evaluation Conclusions

3. Backround & Objectives The growing of Internet has generated problems The run out of IPv4 addresses Weak deployment of IPv6 addressing Oversizing routing tables Reachability problem A new architecture model needed to solve the current problems

4. Network Address Translation (NAT) An edge device that relays packets Changes address and port information from outgoing and incoming packets Traffic originates from inside to outside direction Inbound connection not possible -> reachability problem

5. Domain Name System (DNS) Main use is solving domain names to IP addresses In DNS, data is stored in resource records (RR) E.g. A-type RR: domain_name _Host_A IPv4_address_Host_A

6. Customer Edge Switching (CES) Concept CES is a model for the future Internet Idea to solve the reachability problem Idea to prevent IPv4 addresses from extinction by using them privately Removes the need for IPv6 and also increases security CES is aimed to be implemented with as little modification as necessary in the existing equipments Modifications allowed in DNS and NAT, hosts remain the same Aims at dividing the ownership of network into reasonable pieces: Trust domains (corporate networks, operator networks)

7. CES architecture : Routing independent in every Trust domain Network elements: host, CES, PE, DNS Identities are known only in its respective private network E.g. Identity of Host X is kept in its home CES device (CES X) and also in the DNS

8. CES Network Elements Explained Host: Basic IPv4 stacked CES: NAT extension containing its features: mappings and tables Contains information of all the registered hosts (HRL) Address pool of IPv4 addresses Hash calculating algorithm DNS: Needs a new resource record (RR) type: domain_name_Host_X = Address_CES_X + hash_Host_X E.g. host_x.foobar = MAC_CES_X + 1234

9. CES Prototype The implemented prototype differs slightly from CES concept No PE devices Prototype built on virtual PCs running Linux/Debian Programming done with Python DNS executed with DNSPython toolkit Packet generating, sending and receiving done with Scapy

10. Network Diagram: 2 Hosts, 2 CES devices and DNS IP routing (layer 3) in customer networks Ethernet (layer 2) based routing in public network

12. Evaluation CES can be implemented with only a few modifications in the existing infrastructure Only NAT and DNS need modifications Hosts are still IPv4 stacked computers CES works with most of the common protocols According to testing, CES works with TCP, UDP, ICMP, HTTP and SSH Still lacks compatibility with FTP and SIP

13. Test Results Program in Host AProgram in Host B Protocols tested Working Ping clientPing serverICMPYES Telnet clientTelnet serverTCPYES Lynx web browserAbyss web serverHTTPYES Iceweasel web browser Abyss web serverHTTPYES SSH clientSSH serverSSHYES FTP clientPure-FTPd (server)FTPNo Twinkle (client) SIPNo FTP and SIP fail as private addresses are placed in payload fields FTP and SIP does not work with two NATs (or CESs) Packet modification in CES could solve this

14. Conclusions The prototype proves the functioning of CES concept CES solves the reachability problem CES reuses IPv4 addresses effectively CES excludes the need for IPv6 addresses CES enhances security No modification needed in end-hosts

15. Future Research Connecting CES prototype to other networks Modification of CES prototype Designing and choosing algorithms for calculating IDs

16. Thank You!