1. Chapter M1
Section 1 Measuring Motion
Bellringer
Describe your position in the classroom using a reference point and a set of reference directions.
Record your response in your science journal.

2. Chapter M1
Section 1 Measuring Motion
Objectives
Describe the motion of an object by the position of the object in relation to a reference point.
Identify the two factors that determine speed.
Explain the difference between speed and velocity.
Analyze the relationship between velocity and acceleration.
Demonstrate that changes in motion can be measured and represented on a graph.

3. Chapter M1 Observing Motion by Using a Reference Point
Section 1 Measuring Motion
Observing Motion by Using a Reference Point
Motion is an object’s change in position relative to another object, or reference point. The object that appears to stay in place is called a reference point.
The direction of an object’s motion can be described with a reference direction, such as north, south, east, west, up, or down.
Common Reference Points The Earth’s surface is a common reference point for determining motion.

4. Speed Depends on Distance and Time
Chapter M1
Section 1 Measuring Motion
Speed Depends on Distance and Time
Speed is the distance traveled by an object divided by the time taken to travel that distance.
The SI unit for speed is meters per second (m/s). Kilometers per hour (km/h), feet per second (ft/s), and miles per hour (mi/h) are other units commonly used to express speed.

5. Chapter M1 = Speed Depends on Distance and Time, continued
Section 1 Measuring Motion
Speed Depends on Distance and Time, continued
Determining Average Speed Average speed equals the total distance divided by the total time.
average speed =
total distance
total time
Recognizing Speed on a Graph Speed can be shown on a graph of distance versus time, as shown on the next slide.

6. Chapter M1
Section 1 Measuring Motion

7. Velocity: Direction Matters
Chapter M1
Section 1 Measuring Motion
Velocity: Direction Matters
The speed of an object in a particular direction is called velocity.
Speed and velocity are two different terms with two different meanings. Velocity must include a reference direction.

8. Velocity: Direction Matters, continued
Chapter M1
Section 1 Measuring Motion
Velocity: Direction Matters, continued
Changing Velocity You can think of velocity as the rate of change of an object’s position. An object’s velocity is constant only if its speed and direction don’t change.
Combining Velocities You can combine different velocities to find the resultant velocity. The next slide shows how you can combine velocities to find the resultant velocity.

9. Chapter M1
Section 1 Measuring Motion

10. Chapter M1 Acceleration
Section 1 Measuring Motion
Acceleration
The rate at which velocity changes over time is called acceleration. An object accelerates if its speed, or direction, or both change.
An increase in velocity is commonly called positive acceleration. A decrease in velocity is commonly called negative acceleration, or deceleration.

11. Acceleration, continued
Chapter M1
Section 1 Measuring Motion
Acceleration, continued
Calculating Average Acceleration You can find average acceleration by using the equation:
average acceleration
=
final velocity  starting velocity
time it takes to change velocity
Velocity is expressed in meters per second (m/s), and time is expressed in seconds (s). So acceleration is expressed in meters per second per second, or (m/s)/s, which equals m/s2.

12. Chapter M1
Section 1 Measuring Motion

13. Acceleration, continued
Chapter M1
Section 1 Measuring Motion
Acceleration, continued
Recognizing Acceleration on a Graph Acceleration can be shown on a graph of velocity versus time.

14. Acceleration, continued
Chapter M1
Section 1 Measuring Motion
Acceleration, continued
Circular Motion: Continuous Acceleration An object traveling in a circular motion is always changing its direction. Therefore, its velocity is always changing, so it is accelerating.
The acceleration that occurs in circular motion is known as centripetal acceleration.

15. Chapter M1
Section 2 What Is a Force?
Bellringer
Look around the room and think about the objects you see in terms of force. A force is always exerted by one object on another object. Then, answer the following questions in your science journal:
Where do you see a force happening in the room right now? Which object is exerting the force, and which is receiving it?

16. Chapter M1
Section 2 What Is a Force?
Objectives
Describe forces, and explain how forces act on objects.
Determine the net force when more than one force is acting on an object.
Compare balanced and unbalanced forces.
Describe ways that unbalanced forces cause changes in motion.

17. Forces Acting on Objects
Chapter M1
Section 2 What Is a Force?
Forces Acting on Objects
In science, a force is simply a push or a pull exerted on an object in order to change the motion of the object. All forces have both size and direction.
A force can change the acceleration of an object. This acceleration can be a change in the speed or direction of the object.
Scientists express force using a unit called the newton (N).

18. Forces Acting on Objects, continued
Chapter M1
Section 2 What Is a Force?
Forces Acting on Objects, continued
Unseen Sources and Receivers of Forces It is not always easy to tell what is exerting a force or what is receiving a force. For example, you cannot see what exerts the force that pulls magnets to refrigerators.
You cannot see that the air around you is held near Earth’s surface by a force called gravity.

19. Chapter M1 Determining Net Force
Section 2 What Is a Force?
Determining Net Force
Usually, more than one force is acting on an object. The net force is the combination all of the forces acting on an object.
Determining net force depends on the directions of the forces.

20. Determining Net Force, continued
Chapter M1
Section 2 What Is a Force?
Determining Net Force, continued
Forces in the Same Direction Two forces are added to determine the net force if the forces act in the same direction. The net force will be in the same direction as the individual forces.
Forces in Different Directions If forces are acting in opposite directions, the net force can be found by subtracting the smaller force from the larger one.

21. Chapter M1
Section 2 What Is a Force?

22. Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
Chapter M1
Section 2 What Is a Force?
Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
Balanced Forces When the forces on an object produce a net force of 0 N, the forces are balanced.
Balanced forces will not cause a change in the motion of a moving object. Balanced forces do not cause a nonmoving object to start moving.

23. Balanced and Unbalanced Forces, continued
Chapter M1
Section 2 What Is a Force?
Balanced and Unbalanced Forces, continued
Unbalanced Forces When the net force on an object is not 0 N, the forces on the object are unbalanced.
Unbalanced forces produce a change in motion, such as a change in speed or a change in direction. Unbalanced forces are necessary to cause a non-moving object to start moving, or to change the motion of moving objects.

24. End

25. Chapter M1
Section 3 Friction: A Force That Opposes Motion
Bellringer
Suppose you and a younger sister or brother are at a neighborhood pool. Your sister or brother asks why there are signs that say “NO RUNNING.” What would be your answer?
Record your response in your science journal.

26. Chapter M1 Objectives Explain why friction occurs.
Section 3 Friction: A Force That Opposes Motion
Objectives
Explain why friction occurs.
List the two types of friction,and give examples of each type.
Explain how friction can be both harmful and helpful.

27. Chapter M1 The Source of Friction
Section 3 Friction: A Force That Opposes Motion
The Source of Friction
Friction is a force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are in contact.
Friction occurs because the surface of any object is rough. Even surfaces that feel smooth are covered with microscopic hills and valleys.

28. The Source of Friction, continued
Chapter M1
Section 3 Friction: A Force That Opposes Motion
The Source of Friction, continued
When two surfaces are in contact, the microscopic hills and valleys of one surface stick to the tiny hills and valleys of the other surface. This contact causes friction.

29. The Source of Friction, continued
Chapter M1
Section 3 Friction: A Force That Opposes Motion
The Source of Friction, continued
The Effect of Force on Friction The amount of friction depends on the force pushing the surfaces together. If this force increases, the hills and valleys of the surfaces can come into closer contact.
The close contact increases the friction between the surfaces. Objects that weigh less exert less downward force than objects that weigh more, as shown on the next slide.

30. Chapter M1
Section 3 Friction: A Force That Opposes Motion

31. The Source of Friction, continued
Chapter M1
Section 3 Friction: A Force That Opposes Motion
The Source of Friction, continued
The Effect of Rougher Surfaces on Friction Rough surfaces have more microscopic hills and valleys than smooth surfaces do.
So, the rougher the surface is, the greater the friction is.

32. Chapter M1 Types of Friction
Section 3 Friction: A Force That Opposes Motion
Types of Friction
Kinetic Friction The word kinetic means “moving.” So, kinetic friction is friction between moving surfaces.
The amount of kinetic friction between two surfaces depends in part on how the surfaces move. Surfaces can slide past each other, or a surface can roll over another surface.

33. Types of Friction, continued
Chapter M1
Section 3 Friction: A Force That Opposes Motion
Types of Friction, continued
Usually, the force of sliding kinetic friction is greater than the force of rolling kinetic friction. It is usually easier to move objects on wheels than to slide the objects along the floor, as shown below.

34. Types of Friction, continued
Chapter M1
Section 3 Friction: A Force That Opposes Motion
Types of Friction, continued
Static Friction When a force is applied to an object but does not cause the object to move, static friction occurs.
The word static means “not moving.” The object does not move because the force of static friction balances the force applied.
Static friction disappears as soon as an object starts moving, and then kinetic friction immediately occurs.

35. Chapter M1
Section 3 Friction: A Force That Opposes Motion

36. Friction: Harmful and Helpful
Chapter M1
Section 3 Friction: A Force That Opposes Motion
Friction: Harmful and Helpful
Without friction, a car’s tires could not push against the ground to move the car forward, and the brakes could not stop the car. Without friction, a car is useless.
However, friction can also cause problems in a car. Friction between moving engine parts increases their temperature and causes the parts to wear down.
Friction can be both harmful and helpful, so it may be necessary to decrease or increase friction.

37. Friction: Harmful and Helpful, continued
Chapter M1
Section 3 Friction: A Force That Opposes Motion
Friction: Harmful and Helpful, continued
Some Ways to Reduce Friction One way to reduce friction is to use lubricants. Lubricants are substances that are applied to surfaces to reduce the friction between the surfaces.
Some examples of common lubricants are motor oil, wax, and grease. Lubricants are usually liquids, but they can be solids or gases.

38. Friction: Harmful and Helpful, continued
Chapter M1
Section 3 Friction: A Force That Opposes Motion
Friction: Harmful and Helpful, continued
Friction can be reduced by switching from sliding kinetic friction to rolling kinetic friction. Ball bearings can be placed between wheels and axels to make it easier for wheels to turn by reducing friction.
Another way to reduce friction is to make surfaces that rub against each other smoother.

39. Friction: Harmful and Helpful, continued
Chapter M1
Section 3 Friction: A Force That Opposes Motion
Friction: Harmful and Helpful, continued
Some Ways to Increase Friction Making surfaces rougher is one way to increase friction. For example, sand scattered on icy roads keeps cars from skidding.
Another way to increase friction is to increase the force pushing the surfaces together. For example, if you are sanding a piece of wood, you can sand the wood faster by pressing harder on the sandpaper.

40. End

41. Chapter M1
Section 4 Gravity: A Force of Attraction
Bellringer
Significantly decreased gravity gives astronauts the sensation of being weightless and forces astronauts to make many adjustments in their activities. Write a paragraph explaining what you would like and dislike about living with reduced gravity.
Write your paragraph in your science journal.

42. Chapter M1 Objectives Describe gravity and its effect on matter.
Section 4 Gravity: A Force of Attraction
Objectives
Describe gravity and its effect on matter.
Explain the law of universal gravitation.
Describe the difference between mass and weight.

43. The Effects of Gravity on Matter
Chapter M1
Section 4 Gravity: A Force of Attraction
The Effects of Gravity on Matter
Gravity is a force of attraction between objects that is due to their masses. Gravity can change the motion of an object by changing its speed, direction, or both.
All matter has mass, and gravity is a result of mass. Therefore, all matter is affected by gravity and all objects experience an attraction toward all other objects.
The mass of most objects is too small to cause a force large enough to move objects toward each other.

44. The Effects of Gravity on Matter, continued
Chapter M1
Section 4 Gravity: A Force of Attraction
The Effects of Gravity on Matter, continued
The Size of Earth’s Gravitational Force Compared with all objects around you, Earth has a huge mass. Therefore, Earth’s gravitational force is very large.
You must apply forces to overcome the Earth’s gravitational force any time you lift objects or even parts of your body.

45. Newton and the Study of Gravity
Chapter M1
Section 4 Gravity: A Force of Attraction
Newton and the Study of Gravity
The Core of an Idea Why do objects fall toward the Earth? What keeps the planets moving in the sky?
In 1665, British scientist Sir Isaac Newton made the connection between these two questions when, as legend has it, he saw an apple falling from a tree.

46. Newton and the Study of Gravity, continued
Chapter M1
Section 4 Gravity: A Force of Attraction
Newton and the Study of Gravity, continued
Newton knew that unbalanced forces are needed to change the motion of objects. He concluded that an unbalanced force on the apple made the apple fall.
He also reasoned that an unbalanced force on the moon kept the moon moving around the Earth.
He proposed that these two forces are actually the same force––gravity.

47. Newton and the Study of Gravity, continued
Chapter M1
Section 4 Gravity: A Force of Attraction
Newton and the Study of Gravity, continued
The Birth of a Law Newton summarized his ideas about gravity in a law known as the law of universal gravitation. This law describes the relationships between gravitational force, mass, and distance.
The law is called universal because it applies to all objects in the universe.

48. The Law of Universal Gravitation
Chapter M1
Section 4 Gravity: A Force of Attraction
The Law of Universal Gravitation
Part 1: Gravitational Force Increases as Mass Increases Gravitational force is small between objects that have small masses. Gravitational force is large when the mass of one or both objects is large.
Part 2: Gravitational Force Decreases as Distance Increases Gravitational force is strong when distance between two objects is small. If the distance between two objects increases, the gravitational force pulling them together decreases rapidly.

49. Chapter M1
Section 4 Gravity: A Force of Attraction

50. Weight as a Measure of Gravitational Force
Chapter M1
Section 4 Gravity: A Force of Attraction
Weight as a Measure of Gravitational Force
The Differences Between Weight and Mass Weight is related to mass, but they are not the same.
Weight is a measure of the gravitational force on an object. Weight changes whenever gravitational force changes.
Mass is the amount of matter in an object. An object’s mass does not change if gravitational force changes.

51. Chapter M1
Section 4 Gravity: A Force of Attraction

52. Weight as a Measure of Gravity, continued
Chapter M1
Section 4 Gravity: A Force of Attraction
Weight as a Measure of Gravity, continued
Units of Weight and Mass The SI unit of force is a newton (N). Gravity is a force, and weight is a measure of gravity. So, weight is also measured in newtons.
The SI unit of mass is the kilogram (kg). Mass is often measured in grams (g) and milligrams (mg) as well.
On Earth, a 100 g object weighs about 1 N.