1. An Introduction to HHT: Instantaneous Frequency, Trend, Degree of Nonlinearity and Non-stationarity Norden E. Huang Research Center for Adaptive Data Analysis Center for Dynamical Biomarkers and Translational Medicine NCU, Zhongli, Taiwan, China

2. Outline Rather than the implementation details, I will talk about the physics of the method. What is frequency? How to quantify the degree of nonlinearity? How to define and determine trend? What is frequency? How to quantify the degree of nonlinearity? How to define and determine trend?

3. What is frequency? It seems to be trivial. But frequency is an important parameter for us to understand many physical phenomena.

4. Definition of Frequency Given the period of a wave as T ; the frequency is defined as

5. Instantaneous Frequency

6. Other Definitions of Frequency : For any data from linear Processes

7. Definition of Power Spectral Density Since a signal with nonzero average power is not square integrable, the Fourier transforms do not exist in this case. Fortunately, the Wiener-Khinchin Theroem provides a simple alternative. The PSD is the Fourier transform of the auto-correlation function, R(τ), of the signal if the signal is treated as a wide- sense stationary random process:

8. Fourier Spectrum

9. Problem with Fourier Frequency Limited to linear stationary cases: same spectrum for white noise and delta function. Fourier is essentially a mean over the whole domain; therefore, information on temporal (or spatial) variations is all lost. Phase information lost in Fourier Power spectrum: many surrogate signals having the same spectrum.

10. Surrogate Signal: Non-uniqueness signal vs. Power Spectrum I. Hello

11. The original data : Hello

12. The surrogate data : Hello

13. The Fourier Spectra : Hello

14. The Importance of Phase

16. To utilize the phase to define Instantaneous Frequency

17. Prevailing Views on Instantaneous Frequency The term, Instantaneous Frequency, should be banished forever from the dictionary of the communication engineer. J. Shekel, 1953 The uncertainty principle makes the concept of an Instantaneous Frequency impossible. K. Gröchennig, 2001

18. The Idea and the need of Instantaneous Frequency According to the classic wave theory, the wave conservation law is based on a gradually changing φ(x,t) such that Therefore, both wave number and frequency must have instantaneous values and differentiable.

19. Hilbert Transform : Definition

20. The Traditional View of the Hilbert Transform for Data Analysis

21. Traditional View a la Hahn (1995) : Data LOD

22. Traditional View a la Hahn (1995) : Hilbert

23. Traditional Approach a la Hahn (1995) : Phase Angle

24. Traditional Approach a la Hahn (1995) : Phase Angle Details

25. Traditional Approach a la Hahn (1995) : Frequency

26. The Real World Mathematics are well and good but nature keeps dragging us around by the nose. Albert Einstein

27. Why the traditional approach does not work?

28. Hilbert Transform a cos  + b : Data

29. Hilbert Transform a cos  + b : Phase Diagram

30. Hilbert Transform a cos  + b : Phase Angle Details

31. Hilbert Transform a cos  + b : Frequency

32. The Empirical Mode Decomposition Method and Hilbert Spectral Analysis Sifting ( Other alternatives, e.g., Nonlinear Matching Pursuit)

33. Empirical Mode Decomposition: Methodology : Test Data

34. Empirical Mode Decomposition: Methodology : data and m1

35. Empirical Mode Decomposition: Methodology : data & h1

36. Empirical Mode Decomposition: Methodology : h1 & m2

37. Empirical Mode Decomposition: Methodology : h3 & m4

38. Empirical Mode Decomposition: Methodology : h4 & m5

39. Empirical Mode Decomposition Sifting : to get one IMF component

40. The Stoppage Criteria The Cauchy type criterion: when SD is small than a pre- set value, where Or, simply pre-determine the number of iterations.

41. Empirical Mode Decomposition: Methodology : IMF c1

42. Definition of the Intrinsic Mode Function (IMF): a necessary condition only!

43. Empirical Mode Decomposition: Methodology : data, r1 and m1

44. Empirical Mode Decomposition Sifting : to get all the IMF components

45. Definition of Instantaneous Frequency

46. An Example of Sifting & Time-Frequency Analysis

47. Length Of Day Data

48. LOD : IMF

49. Orthogonality Check Pair-wise % 0.0003 0.0001 0.0215 0.0117 0.0022 0.0031 0.0026 0.0083 0.0042 0.0369 0.0400 Overall % 0.0452

50. LOD : Data & c12

51. LOD : Data & Sum c11-12

52. LOD : Data & sum c10-12

53. LOD : Data & c9 - 12

54. LOD : Data & c8 - 12

55. LOD : Detailed Data and Sum c8-c12

56. LOD : Data & c7 - 12

57. LOD : Detail Data and Sum IMF c7-c12

58. LOD : Difference Data – sum all IMFs

59. Traditional View a la Hahn (1995) : Hilbert

60. Mean Annual Cycle & Envelope: 9 CEI Cases

61. Mean Hilbert Spectrum : All CEs