1. Well Defined and Accurate Semiclassical Surface Hopping Propagators and Wave Functions Michael F. Herman Department of Chemistry Tulane University New Orleans, LA USA IMA Workshop January 16, 2009

2. OUTLINE 1.Background 2.Formal analysis of a surface hopping expansion 3.Improved efficiency, reduced statistical error 4. Forbidden transitions

3. Types of Problems of Interest 1.Photodissociation 2.Collisions involving change in electronic state 3.Nonadiabatic transitions in liquid phase

6. Initial wave function is a localized wave packet

9. H-K Propagator

12. Absorption spectra for the collinear photodissociation of carbon dioxide. The solid line shows the quantum result and the dashed line the HK-IVR

17. Comparison of adiabatic and diabatic potentials R

18. Can cancel nonadiabatic terms in the Schrodinger equation by adding trajectories that hop between states. Single hop terms:

19. An (inelegant) Analysis of a Semiclassical Surface Hopping Expansion for the Multi-Surface Wave Function (or Propagator). Surface hopping: Trajectories can abruptly hop from one V k ( R) to another, where V k ( R) is the BO energy for electronic state φ k. Restrict analysis here to 1-dim, 2 state case for simplicity. Same analysis has been performed for general case with any number of states and any number of degrees of freedom. Conclusion: The surface hopping expansion formally satisfies the Schrodinger equation. Because of singularities in semiclassical prefactor, generally not convergent at all points.

21. η ij = r = nonadiabatic coupling vector r = ∫ f * g dr r = ij R r = r + r = η ji + η ij = 0 Assume the φ i are real. Then, η ji = - η ij and η ii = 0.

26. In numerical calculations: Ignore momentum changes without hop. Use only T-type hops in allowed regions.

27. Comparison of adiabatic and diabatic potentials R

28. Comparison of quantum and semiclassical transition probabilities for E > E c E P Q P S1 (x > x t1 ) P S2 (x > x t2 ) 0.380.618 0.440 0.576 0.400.951 0.819 0.918 0.450.142 0.179 0.143 0.500.835 0.761 0.838 0.600.543 0.508 0.544 0.750.356 0.348 0.356 0.900.118 0.120 0.118 1.20 1.87x10 -2 1.77x10 -2 1.86x10 -2 1.40 0.184 0.182 0.184

29. CONCLUSIONS Surface Hopping Expansion Formally Satisfies SE. In General Not Convergent at All Points. The Surface Hopping Semiclassical IVR Methods are Capable of Providing Very Accurate Results for Many Surface Nonadiabatic Problems Recent Advances Show That It is Possible To Significantly Reduce The Statistical Errors in Monte Carlo Surface Hopping IVR Methods

30. Adventures in the Forbidden Zone Surface hopping expansion “formally exact” in classically forbidden region. Wave function fails at turning points and caustics Transition amplitudes have turning point singularities

31. Comparison of quantum and semiclassical transition probabilities of for E < E c E P Q P S2 P S2 (FO) 0.360.2750.2610.288 0.348.65x10 -2 8.54x10 -2 8.89x10 -2 0.321.93x10 -2 1.94x10 -2 1.97x10 -2 0.303.00x10 -3 3.03x10 -3 3.05x10 -3 0.283.16x10 -4 3.19x10 -4 3.20x10 -4 0.262.14x10 -5 2.16x10 -5 2.15x10 -5 0.248.54x10 -7 8.55x10 -7 8.56x10 -7 0.221.77x10 -8 1.76x10 -8 1.81x10 -8 0.201.49x10 -10 1.74x10 -10 1.42x10 -10 0.198.50x10 -12 7.07x10 -12 7.10x10 -12 0.183.06x10 -13 1.3x10 -13 3.4x10 -13 0.175.33x10 -15 2.4x10 -15 8.5x10 -15

33. For transitions in forbidden zone Wave function on upper surface (Ψ u ) decays rapidly when moving into the forbidden zone from turning point. Nonadiabatic coupling (η) sharply peaked around crossing point and is decaying when moving from crossing point toward turning point. Product of Ψ u and η is peaked in forbidden zone near turning point. Suggests approximation based on behavior near turning point may yield good results.

34. Probability of quantum state change in model collision system for forbidden transitions..... exact quantum results, _____ semiclassical results, ----- results using “simple” approximation to semiclassical calculation. For details see: M. F. Herman, J. Phys. Chem. B 112, 15966 (2008). and P.-T. Dang and M. F. Herman, J. Chem. Phys., accepted for publication.

35. Why is this approximation for for- bidden transitions exciting (to me)? Curve crossing models use information from crossing point (where trajectory does not go). Local model (just uses information at turning point). Momentum change due to hop occurs in direction of nonadiabatic coupling vector, so hop is basically one dimensional in many dimensions. Since model is local and hop is one dimensional, should be possible to use model (or a generalization of it) for many dimensional problems.

36. Conclusions Surface Hopping Expansion provides very good transition probabilities even for strongly forbidden transitions. Cancellation between contributions from allowed and forbidden regions must be accurately accounted for. Good approximation obtained using only information evaluated at turning point.

37. Acknowledgements: Funding: The National Science Foundation (USA) Edward Kluk, Heidi Davis, J. Rudra, Julio Arce, Brianna Guerin, Guangcan Yang, Ouafae El Akramine, Michael Moody, Yinghua Wu, Xun Huang, Thanh Dang

38. Numerical Problems Different trajectories have different phases Leads to interference Add many terms, get result that is smaller than individual terms When integrations done by Monte Carlo, large relative statistical errors Need ways to reduce cancellation due to interference

40. 2.Higher order (in size of hopping step) transition amplitudes for trajectory step - Accounts for multiple hops in a single hopping step - Accounts for phase difference between hopping trajectories - Allows for use of much larger hopping steps - Fewer hops along each trajectory - Much of the phase cancellation is accounted for within hopping step

41. Numerical test of surface hopping using “optimal” representation and higher order transition amplitudes. Monte Carlo procedure for hop or no-hop choice for each hopping step. M.F Herman and M. P. Moody, JCP 122, 094104 (2005).

42. The Mississippi River, 3,779 km (2,348 mi) long, is the second longest river, after the Missouri, in the United States. Jackson Square is a historic park in the French Quarter and is in the heart of the French Quarter

44. Semiclassical Results for Double Crossing Problems E = 2.8Quantum Transition Probability is 0.640 P MM = matrix multiplication semiclassical transition probability P MC = Monte Carlo semiclassical transition probability, 10000 trajectories RepresentationAmplitudeΔx P MM P MC σ Adiabatic Simple 0.005125 0.640 0.475 0.235 2.97 Adiabatic Simple 0.05125 0.645 0.745 0.213 2.65 Adiabatic Simple 0.1025 0.659 0.605 0.103 2.47 Adiabatic Phase Corrected 0.1025 0.641 0.569 0.086 2.36 Adiabatic Phase Corrected 0.205 0.651 0.619 0.045 1.95 App. Optimal Simple 0.1025 0.638 0.649 0.031 1.43 App. Optimal Phase Corrected 0.1025 0.636 0.644 0.029 1.36 App. Optimal Phase Corrected 0.205 0.635 0.661 0.022 1.13