1. Lesson 3: Nuclear Basics Dr. Andrew Ketsdever

2. Nuclear Reactor

3. Reactor Schematic

4. Basic Atomic Structure Atoms are fundamental particles of matter –Composed of three types of sub-atomic particles Protons Neutrons Electrons –The nucleus contains protons and neutrons Most of the atom’s mass Small part of the atom’s volume –Electron Cloud Contains electrons Most of the atom’s volume

5. Basic Atomic Structure Atomic Number –Number of protons in the nucleus Mass Number –Number of protons AND neutrons in the nucleus Mass of proton : 1.6726 x 10 -27 kg Mass of neutron: 1.6749 x 10 -27 kg Mass of electron: 0.00091x10 -27 kg

6. Basic Atomic Structure Isotope –Same element implies two atoms have the same atomic number –Isotopes of a given element have the same atomic number but a different mass number Same number of protons in the nucleus Different number of neutrons in the nucleus HydrogenDeuteriumTritium

7. Basic Nuclear Physics An atom consists of a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by a negatively charged cloud of electrons Nucleus –Positive protons –Neutral neutrons –Bond together by the strong nuclear force Stronger than the electrostatic force binding electrons to the nucleus or repelling protons from one another Limited in range to a few x 10 -15 m Because neutrons are electrically neutral, they are unaffected by Coloumbic or nuclear forces until they reach within 10 -15 m of an atomic nucleus –Best particles to use for FISSION

8. Fission Fission is a nuclear process in which a heavy nucleus splits into two smaller nuclei –The Fission Products (FP) can be in any combination (with a given probability) so long as the number of protons and neutrons in the products sum up to those in the initial fissioning nucleus –The free neutrons produced go on to continue the fissioning cycle (chain reaction, criticality) –A great amount of energy can be released in fission because for heavy nuclei, the summed masses of the lighter product nuclei is less than the mass of the fissioning nucleus

9. Fission Reaction Energy The binding energy of the nucleus is directly related to the amount of energy released in a fission reaction The energy associated with the difference in mass of the products and the fissioning atom is the binding energy

10. Radioactivity In 1899, Ernest Rutheford discovered Uranium produced three different kinds of radiation. –Separated the radiation by penetrating ability –Called them   -Radiation stopped by paper (He nucleus, )  -Radiation stopped by 6mm of Aluminum (Electrons produced in the nucleus)  -Radiation stopped by several mm of Lead (Photons with wavelength shortward of 124 pm or energies greater than 10 keV)

11. Half-Life The half life is the amount of time necessary for ½ of a radioactive material to decay Starting with 100g of Bismuth –Half life of 5 days –50 g of bismuth after 5 days –50 g of thallium

12.  -Particle Decay The emission of an  particle, or 4He nucleus, is a process called  decay Since a particles contain protons and neutrons, they must come from the nucleus of an atom

13.  Particle Decay  particles are negatively charged electrons emitted by the nucleus –Since the mass of an electron is a small fraction of an atomic mass unit, the mass of a nucleus that undergoes  decay is changed by only a small amount. –The mass number is unchanged. The nucleus contains no electrons. Rather,  decay occurs when a neutron is changed into a proton within the nucleus. –An unseen neutrino,, accompanies each  decay. –The number of protons, and thus the atomic number, is increased by one.

14.  Radiation Decay Gamma rays are a type of electromagnetic radiation that results from a redistribution of electric charge within a nucleus. A  ray is a high energy photon. For complex nuclei there are many different possible ways in which the neutrons and protons can be arranged within the nucleus. –Gamma rays can be emitted when a nucleus undergoes a transition from one quantum energy configuration to another. –Neither the mass number nor the atomic number is changed when a nucleus emits a  ray in the reaction 152Dy*  152Dy + 

15. Fission

16. Fission Fragments and the Chain Reaction

17. Uranium Enrichment

18. Plutonium