1. Ethics and the DNA Database Presented by: Mick Carling, Police Science and Technology Unit Date: April 2014

2. Contents Introduction Ethics and the State Effect of DNA Database on Public Safety Genealogical Ethics Mathematical Ethics Genetic Ethics Summary 2

6. Contents Introduction Ethics and the State Effect of DNA Database on Public Safety Genealogical Ethics Mathematical Ethics Genetic Ethics Summary 6

7. A Murder Study All people murdered in England and Wales in 2009-10 and 2011-12 (the date of the offence is key) Asked each force, for each murder – what did you do forensically? Was it of use to the senior detective in the case?

8. Results – DNA, FP and Footwear DNAFingerprintsFootwear Number of murders 420403402 Evidence collected 40295.7%29372.7%14536.1% Profiles/Prints/Marks produced 29670.5%22555.8%9523.6% Evidence contributed 22954.5%15338.0%5212.9%

9. DNAFingerprints Profile / prints searched on national database 13330.00%13131.60% Database match9120.50%8921.50% Match contributed in the opinion of the SIO 6715.10%5613.50% Results – Database Searches

10. DNA in Major Crime Search on DNA Database 238 Homicides 526 rapes in 2012-13 Cold Case Reviews Familial Searching Ipswich Murders Damilola Taylor Rachel Nickell M3 Murder (First Use) Sheffield Shoe Rapist

11. Contents Introduction Ethics and the State Effect of DNA Database on Public Safety Genealogical Ethics Mathematical Ethics Genetic Ethics Summary 11

12. What can you never catch with DNA? 12

13. 15 18; 6 9; 11 13; 22 22; 31 32.2; 14 17; 17 20; 11 12; 13 16.2; 15 16; M Family Relations and Profiles

14. Mother 12 18; 5 6; 11 16; 16 22; 30 32.2; 12 14; 20 23; 12 17; 13 14; 15 15; Child 15 18; 6 9; 11 13; 22 22; 31 32.2; 14 17; 17 20; 11 12; 13 16.2; 15 16; Father 14 15; 8 9; 10 13; 22 17; 26 31; 12 17; 17 27; 11 15; 18 16.2; 16 19; Familial Searching Paternity Tests

15. Familial Searches Y-str –Latest Profiling Techniques –Inclusion on a database 15

16. Contents Introduction Ethics and the State Effect of DNA Database on Public Safety Genealogical Ethics Mathematical Ethics Genetic Ethics Summary 16

17. Random Match Probabilities Probability Distribution Curve. In UK it is said less than 1 in a billion chance of matching a person chosen at random. Peak of Curve SGM+ Random Match Probability 1.2x10^-12 Newer Techniques (Source STR Base) NGM Random Match Probability 1.85x10^-22 Powerplex Random Match Probability 6.58x10^-29 17

18. One in a million RMP DNAGuiltyInnocentTotal Match156 No Match04 999 994 Total14 999 9995 000 000 18 Royal Statistical Society Fundamentals of Probability and Statistical Evidence in Criminal Proceedings Aitken, Roberts and Jackson Gets worse for higher probabilities

19. Contents Introduction Ethics and the State Effect of DNA Database on Public Safety Genealogical Ethics Mathematical Ethics Genetic Ethics Summary 19

20. Genomes Retention of Genomes / DNA Samples 1995 Medical Information Protection of Freedoms Act – 7.7 million destroyed by May 2013 Germany, Sweden and Belgium Casework vs Databases 20

21. Summary Ethics and the State Effect of DNA Database on Public Safety Genealogical Ethics Mathematical Ethics Genetic Ethics 21