1. The Mole A counting unit Similar to a dozen, except instead of 12, it’s 602 billion trillion 602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 6.02 X 10 23 (in scientific notation) Amedeo _________ (1776 – 1856)This number is named in honor of Amedeo _________ (1776 – 1856), who studied quantities of gases and discovered that no matter what the gas was, there were the same number of molecules present

2. The Mole 1 dozen cookies = 12 cookies 1 mole of cookies = 6.02 X 10 23 cookies 1 dozen cars = 12 cars 1 mole of cars = 6.02 X 10 23 cars 1 dozen Al atoms = 12 Al atoms 1 mole of Al atoms = 6.02 X 10 23 atoms Note that the NUMBER is always the same, but the MASS is very different! Mole is abbreviated mol (gee, that’s a lot quicker to write, huh?)

3. Suppose we invented a new collection unit called a rapp. One rapp contains 8 objects. 1. How many paper clips in 1 rapp? a) 1b) 4c) 8 2. How many oranges in 2.0 rapp? a) 4b) 8c) 16 3. How many rapps contain 40 gummy bears? a) 5b) 10c) 20 Learning Check

4. How does the Avogradro number come from? 1 Hydrogen contains only one proton One proton weighs 0,166x10^-23 grams 1 gram contains 1/Hydrogen Mass atoms Therefore 1 gram contains 1/(0,166x10^-23) atoms= 6,02x10^23 This calculation is the same for every substance And how many atoms are present in 4 gram of Helium? 4/4*1.66 x10 -24 =6.02*10 23 Each nucleon weighs 1.66 x10 -24 therefore for each element, defined x the atomic mass of the element in x grams there are 6.02*10 23 molecules. It is always the same ratio.

5. 6.023 x 10 23  that many 602,300,000,000,000,000,000,000

6. = 6.02 x 10 23 C atoms = 6.02 x 10 23 H 2 O molecules = 6.02 x 10 23 NaCl “molecules” (technically, ionics are compounds not molecules so they are called formula units) 6.02 x 10 23 Na + ions and 6.02 x 10 23 Cl – ions A Mole of Particles A Mole of Particles Contains 6.02 x 10 23 particles 1 mole C 1 mole H 2 O 1 mole NaCl

7. 6.02 x 10 23 particles 1 mole or 1 mole 6.02 x 10 23 particles Note that a particle could be an atom OR a molecule! Avogadro’s Number as Conversion Factor

8. Na 22.990 11 Q: If ONE Sodium atom weighs 22.99 daltons, how many Sodium atoms would it take to weigh 22.99 grams ?

9. What does one Mole of Lithium atoms weigh ? What does one Mole of Carbon atoms weigh ? What does one Mole of Water molecules weigh ? What does one Mole of O 2 molecules weigh ?

10. Molar mass The mass of one mole is called “molar mass” E.g. 1 mol Li = 6.94 g Li This is expressed as 6.94 g/mol What are the following molar masses? SSO 2 Cu 3 (BO 3 ) 2 32.06 g/mol 64.06 g/mol 308.27 g/mol Calculate molar masses (to 2 decimal places) CaCl 2 (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 O 2 Pb 3 (PO 4 ) 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 Cux 3 = 63.55 x 3= 190.65 Bx 2 = 10.81 x 2= 21.62 Ox 6 = 16.00 x 6= 96.00 308.27

11. Converting between grams and moles If we are given the # of grams of a compound we can determine the # of moles, & vise-versa In order to convert from one to the other you must first calculate molar mass g = mol x g/mol mol = g  g/mol This can be represented in an “ equation triangle ” g mo l g/mo l g= g/mol x mol0.25HCl 53.15H 2 SO 4 3.55NaCl 1.27Cu Equationmol (n)gg/molFormula 9.136.46 mol= g  g/mol 0.541998.08 g= g/mol x mol20758.44 mol= g  g/mol 0.020063.55

12. 1. Number of atoms in 0.500 mole of Al a) 500 Al atoms b) 6.02 x 10 23 Al atoms c) 3.01 x 10 23 Al atoms 2.Number of moles of S in 1.8 x 10 24 S atoms a) 1.0 mole S atoms b) 3.0 mole S atoms c) 1.1 x 10 48 mole S atoms Learning Check

13. The Mass of 1 mole (in grams) Equal to the numerical value of the average atomic mass (get from periodic table) 1 mole of C atoms= 12.0 g 1 mole of Mg atoms =24.3 g 1 mole of Cu atoms =63.5 g Molar Mass

14. Other Names Related to Molar Mass Molecular Mass/Molecular Weight: If you have a single molecule, mass is measured in amu’s instead of grams. But, the molecular mass/weight is the same numerical value as 1 mole of molecules. Only the units are different. (This is the beauty of Avogadro’s Number!) Formula Mass/Formula Weight: Same goes for compounds. But again, the numerical value is the same. Only the units are different. THE POINT: You may hear all of these terms which mean the SAME NUMBER… just different units

15. Find the molar mass (usually we round to the tenths place) Learning Check! A.1 mole of Br atoms B.1 mole of Sn atoms =79.9 g/mole = 118.7 g/mole

16. Mass in grams of 1 mole equal numerically to the sum of the atomic masses 1 mole of CaCl 2 = 111.1 g/mol 1 mole Ca x 40.1 g/mol + 2 moles Cl x 35.5 g/mol = 111.1 g/mol CaCl 2 1 mole of N 2 O 4 = 92.0 g/mol Molar Mass of Molecules and Compounds

17. A.Molar Mass of K 2 O = ? Grams/mole B.B. Molar Mass of antacid Al(OH) 3 = ? Grams/mole C. Learning Check!

18. Prozac, C 17 H 18 F 3 NO, is a widely used antidepressant that inhibits the uptake of serotonin by the brain. Find its molar mass. Learning Check

19. molar mass Grams Moles Calculations with Molar Mass

20. Aluminum is often used for the structure of light-weight bicycle frames. How many grams of Al are in 3.00 moles of Al? 3.00 moles Al ? g Al Converting Moles and Grams

21. 1. Molar mass of Al1 mole Al = 27.0 g Al 2. Conversion factors for Al 27.0g Al or 1 mol Al 1 mol Al 27.0 g Al 3. Setup3.00 moles Al x 27.0 g Al 1 mole Al Answer = 81.0 g Al

22. The artificial sweetener aspartame (Nutra-Sweet) formula C 14 H 18 N 2 O 5 is used to sweeten diet foods, coffee and soft drinks. How many moles of aspartame are present in 225 g of aspartame? Learning Check!

23. Atoms/Molecules and Grams Since 6.02 X 10 23 particles = 1 mole AND 1 mole = molar mass (grams) You can convert atoms/molecules to moles and then moles to grams! (Two step process) You can’t go directly from atoms to grams!!!! You MUST go through MOLES.

24. molar mass Avogadro’s number Grams Moles particles Everything must go through Moles!!! Calculations

25. Atoms/Molecules and Grams How many atoms of Cu are present in 35.4 g of Cu? 35.4 g Cu 1 mol Cu 6.02 X 10 23 atoms Cu 63.5 g Cu 1 mol Cu = 3.4 X 10 23 atoms Cu

26. Learning Check! How many atoms of K are present in 78.4 g of K?

27. Learning Check! What is the mass (in grams) of 1.20 X 10 24 molecules of glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 )?

28. Learning Check! How many atoms of O are present in 78.1 g of oxygen? 78.1 g O 2 1 mol O 2 6.02 X 10 23 molecules O 2 2 atoms O 32.0 g O 2 1 mol O 2 1 molecule O 2

29. What is stoichiometry? Stoichiometry is the quantitative study of reactants and products in a chemical reaction.

30. Ag + Cl 2 AgCl 1211 Both sides must be equal for ALL atoms. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2