1. WATER QUALITY (B&C) Freshwater WATER QUALITY (B&C) Freshwater KAREN LANCOUR National Bio Rules Committee Chairman Joyce Bock Clinton River Watershed Council Volunteer

2. Event Rules DISCLAIMER This presentation was prepared using draft rules. There may be some changes in the final copy of the rules. The rules which will be in your Coaches Manual and Student Manuals will be the official rules.

3. EVENT ROTATION a three year rotation The first year is fresh water quality The first year is fresh water quality The second year will deal with fresh water and estuary water quality The second year will deal with fresh water and estuary water quality The third year will deal with marine and estuary water quality The third year will deal with marine and estuary water quality Be sure to check the rules for the current year topics Be sure to check the rules for the current year topics

4. Event Rules BE SURE TO CHECK THE EVENT RULES FOR EVENT PARAMETERS AND TOPICS FOR EACH COMPETITION LEVEL BE SURE TO CHECK THE EVENT RULES FOR EVENT PARAMETERS AND TOPICS FOR EACH COMPETITION LEVEL

5. TRAINING MATERIALS Training Power Point – content overview Training Power Point – content overview Training Handout – content information Training Handout – content information Sample Tournament – sample problems with key Sample Tournament – sample problems with key Event Supervisor Guide – prep tips, setup needs, and scoring tips Event Supervisor Guide – prep tips, setup needs, and scoring tips Internet Resources & Training Materials – on the Science Olympiad website at www.soinc.org under Event Information Internet Resources & Training Materials – on the Science Olympiad website at www.soinc.org under Event Informationwww.soinc.org A Biology-Earth Science CD and a Water Quality CD are available from SO store at www.soinc.org A Biology-Earth Science CD and a Water Quality CD are available from SO store at www.soinc.orgwww.soinc.org

6. EVENT COMPONENTS Ecology Content – Ecology Content – – Part 1 – Ecology – Part 2 – Identify Macro-flora and fauna – Part 3 – Water Monitoring and Analysis Process skills in data, graph and diagram analysis Process skills in data, graph and diagram analysis Event parameters – check the event parameters in the rules for resources allowed. Event parameters – check the event parameters in the rules for resources allowed.

7. Part 1: Freshwater and Estuary Ecology Areas such as: – Freshwater Ecology – Aquatic Food Chains and Webs – Population Dynamics – Community Interactions – Nutrient Recycling – Water Cycle – Aquatic Chemistry and its implications for life – Potable Water Treatment – Waste Water Treatment – Watershed Resource Management Issues – Sedimentation Pollution – Exotic/invasive/harmful species

8. General Principles of Freshwater and Estuary Ecology ECOLOGY ECOLOGY – how organisms interact with one another and with their environment ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT – living and non-living components ABIOTIC – non-living component or physical factors as soil, rainfall, sunlight, temperaturesABIOTIC – non-living component or physical factors as soil, rainfall, sunlight, temperatures BIOTIC – living component are other organismsBIOTIC – living component are other organisms.

9. ECOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION INDIVIDUAL INDIVIDUAL – individual organisms POPULATION POPULATION – organisms of same species in same area (biotic factors) COMMUNITY COMMUNITY – several populations in same area (biotic factors) ECOSYSTEM ECOSYSTEM – community plus abiotic factors BIOSPHERE BIOSPHERE – all ecosystems on earth

10. Aquatic Ecosystems Lotic ecosystems – flowing water Streams Rivers Lentic ecosystems – still water Ponds Lakes Wetlands Estuary ecosystems

11. Watershed A watershed or drainage basin is an area of land where water from rain and melting snow or ice drains downhill into a body of water, such as a river, lake, reservoir, estuary, wetland, sea or ocean.

12. ECOLOGY OF INDIVIDUALS Homeostasis – delicate balance Homeostasis – delicate balance Components Components – Physiological Ecology – Temperature and Water Balance – Light and Biological Cycles – Physiological Ecology and Conservation

13. ECOLOGY OF POPULATIONS Properties of populations Properties of populations Patterns of distribution and density Patterns of distribution and density Intraspecific competition Intraspecific competition Population dynamics Population dynamics Growth and regulation Growth and regulation Altering population growth Altering population growth Human impact Human impact

14. ECOLOGY OF COMMUNITIES Closed vs. Open communities Closed vs. Open communities – Closed – sharp boundaries – Open – Lack boundaries Species abundance and diversity Species abundance and diversity Trophic Structure of Communities Trophic Structure of Communities – Food chains – Food web – Trophic pyramid

15. Food Chain algae  mayflies  stoneflies  trout  humans Producer Producer 1 st order Consumer or Herbivore 1 st order Consumer or Herbivore 2 nd order Consumer or 1 st order Carnivore 2 nd order Consumer or 1 st order Carnivore 3 rd order Consumer or 2 nd order Carnivore 3 rd order Consumer or 2 nd order Carnivore 4 th order Consumer or 3 rd order Carnivore 4 th order Consumer or 3 rd order Carnivore Decomposers – consume dead and decaying matter as bacteria Decomposers – consume dead and decaying matter as bacteria

16. Food Chain – Terrestrial vs. Marine

17. Food Web

18. INTERACTIONS AMONG SPECIES Interactions Interactions Interspecific competition Interspecific competition Predation Predation Exploitation Exploitation Symbiosis Symbiosis

19. Types of Species Interactions Neutral – two species do not interact Neutral – two species do not interact Mutualism – both benefit Mutualism – both benefit Commensalism – one benefits, other neutral Commensalism – one benefits, other neutral Parasitism – one benefits, one harmed Parasitism – one benefits, one harmed but not killed Predation – one benefits, other killed Predation – one benefits, other killed

20. ECOLOGY OF ECOSYSTEMS Energy Flow Energy Flow – Energy Flow Pyramids – Bio-mass Pyramids Community Succession and Stability Community Succession and Stability Nutrient Recycling – nutrient cycles Nutrient Recycling – nutrient cycles

21. Energy vs Nutrient Nutrients – cyclic Nutrients – cyclic (Biogeochemical Cycles) Energy flow – one way Energy flow – one way

22. Ecologic Pyramids Ecological pyramid Ecological pyramid - a graph representing trophic level numbers within an ecosystem. The primary producer level is at the base of the pyramid with the consumer levels above. Numbers pyramid Numbers pyramid - compares the number of individuals in each trophic level. May be inverted due to size of individuals Biomass pyramid Biomass pyramid - compares the total dry weight of the organisms in each trophic level. Energy pyramid Energy pyramid - compares the total amount of energy available in each trophic level. This energy is usually measured in kilocalories.

23. Ecological Pyramids

24. Biogeochemical Cycles recycles nutrients Hydrologic Cycle Hydrologic Cycle Phosphorus Cycle Phosphorus Cycle Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen Cycle Carbon Cycle Carbon Cycle

25. Nitrogen Cycle

26. Phosphorus Cycle

27. Carbon Cycle

28. Hydrologic (Water) Cycle

29. Potable Water Treatment

30. Sewage Treatment

31. Part 2: Macro-flora and Fauna Identify macroinvertebrates Identify macroinvertebrates Identify aquatic nuisance plants Identify aquatic nuisance plants by their common name by their common name Relate organisms to water and wetland quality Relate organisms to water and wetland quality

32. Indicator Species FOR Division C ONLY students will also be expected to know the general ecology, life cycles, and feeding habitats of all listed organisms Class 1-pollution sensitive Class 2-moderately sen. Class 3-moderately tolerant Class 4-pollution tol. Class 5 Air Br. Mayfly Aquatic SowbugWater MiteAir Breathing SnailWhirligig Beetle Caddisfly Damselfly Midge Deer/Horse FlyWater Strider Stonefly DragonflyBlackflyTubifexMosquito Dobsonfly ScudsFlatwormBlood MidgeGiant Water Bug Gilled SnailsCrane Fly LeechesBack Swimmer Water PennyWater Boatman Riffle BeetlePredacious Diving Beetle Water Scorpion Aquatic Nuisance Plants: Purple Loosestrife, Eurasian Water Milfoil and Water Hyacinth. Aquatic Nuisance Animals: Zebra Mussel; Spiny Water Flea,Asian Tiger Mosquito, and Carp

40. Part 3: Water Monitoring Understand and interpret data related to testing procedures and purposes for water testing (No actual testing) Build and demonstrate a salinometer capable of testing saltwater (1-10%)

41. Chemical Analysis Salinity - only actual testing with salinometer Salinity - only actual testing with salinometer pH pH Phosphates Phosphates Dissolved oxygen Dissolved oxygen Temperature Temperature Nitrates Nitrates Fecal Coliform Fecal Coliform Total solids Total solids Biochemical oxygen demand Biochemical oxygen demand Their relationship to one another

42. Salinomter – Hydrometer SalinometersHydrometers Salinometers / Hydrometers Hydrometer Hydrometer calibrated to read in % of salt concentration Materials Materials –  soda straw  modeling clay  a fine-tipped permanent marker  a tall clear container to hold the solution for calibrating your device  salt for mixing one or more standard solutions  water (tap water will work-distilled is better)

44. Sample Analysis Using the picture below, explain all of the possible human caused problems that can occur. In addition, what types of chemical testing would you perform to confirm your suspicions?