1. Patterns and Processes of World Tourism

2. Patterns and Processes of World Tourism
Learning objectives :
Discuss factors influencing tourism
Describe the historical development of travel and tourism
Understand the character of international tourism
Identify the different impacts of tourism

3. Patterns and Processes of World Tourism
In 1979, famed futurist Herman Kahn predicted that tourism would be the world’s largest industry by the year 2000
1986 – exceeded 2 trillion dollars, 64.3 million jobs
1999 – exceeded 3.6 trillion dollars, employment 200 million

4. Patterns and Processes of World Tourism
Defining tourism
1) Movement of people between two or more places (origin and destination)
2) Length of time of movement (temporary)
3) Purpose

5. Patterns and Processes of World Tourism
UN’s divided visitors into two categories :-
Tourists are temporary visitors
Excursionists staying less twenty-four hours in the country visited

6. Factors influencing tourism
Leisure Time
Affluence
Mobility

7. Historical development of travel and tourism
Ancient times
People did not travel in ancient times
3 elements :- a) money b) ability to communicate c) transportation
Transportation is the most important among the three factors

8. Historical development of travel and tourism
Roman era
Height of early tourism
Factors emerged a) common coinage b) language c) legal system

9. Early International Tourism
Growth of a middle class
Achievements in art and thought of the Renaissance
Forerunner of modern tourism – The Grand Tour

10. Early International Tourism
Late in the 1800s and early 1900s, seaside and mountain resorts became fashionable places for the wealthy
Coastal areas in France and Britain became havens for the wealthy in terms of spa

11. Current International Patterns of Tourism
Increased steadily since the end of WWII
1960s, number of world tourist arrivals more than doubled
1970 – 183 million, 2000 – 700 million
Growth in number of arrivals has been greatest in the low-income nations of the world leading to better economy, higher standard of living etc. China

12. Character of international tourism
Interaction between places (tourism) function of time and cost
Distance increases lead to tourism interaction between places decreases
Costs increase tourism interaction decreases

13. Character of international tourism
Destination regions :-
Primary
b) Secondary

14. Character of international tourism
Primary Destination (2-35 days) :-
Friends and Family e.g. stay longer and visit frequently
Exotic e.g. perception of the potential visitor based on historical, environment, culture, mega events and sun-sea-sand varies from person to person

15. Character of international tourism
Secondary Destination (1 – 10 days)
Shadow Effect e.g. near other major
destinations
b) Grand Tour e.g. Usually shorter in length compared to sixteenth to nineteenth century Europe, Eurail pass leads to multiple country visits in Europe

16. Character of international tourism
c) Path Destinations e.g. located between popular destinations on transportation paths, attract tourists that are travelling from an origin to a destination

17. Character of international tourism
d) Transit Destinations :- revolves around point of change, type of carrier, major change in route e.g. promoting Singapore as a SE Asia hub

18. Travel Patterns Proximity
Presence or absence of international connectivity, including business, political, military and other ties
Type and degree of service offered
General attractiveness
Cost of travelling

19. Influence of Tourism
Economic
Social and cultural
Environmental

20. Economic Impact
Providing foreign exchange and tax revenues needed by many nations
Raise standard of living of their citizens
Help a country’s balance of payments

21. Economic Impact Tourism income benefits countries in many ways :-
Money flows into the economy
Generated for the governments e.g. taxes
Creates employment e.g. Tourism & Hospitality industry

22. Economic Impact Negative economic impacts :- Seasonal
Inflation e.g. too many Singaporeans visiting JB, Malaysia
Demand for “hard currency” is so high

23. Social and Cultural impact
Development of cultural understanding
Traditional folk costumes and customs are reestablished to benefit tourists
Return of immigrants or their descendants that bring them closer to ancestral homeland
Patterns of food consumption

24. Social and Cultural impact
Responsibilities of a good visitor :-
Never compared your home country with the host country
Make efforts to understand its local culture
Appreciate what the local culture can offer
Be patient and tolerance

25. Environmental impact
Tourists attracted to scenic harbors, waterfalls, large lakes surrounded by high mountains or volcanoes
May threaten the natural beauty
Increased visits may lead to damaging the environment e.g. Great Barrier
Ensured effective plans to balance tourism and the environment

26. Environmental impact
Preexisting forms characterize an area’s human and physical environment before being “discovered” as a major tourist destination area e.g. development of coastal resorts and cities
Concerned with pollution of surrounding areas e.g. East Coast Park, Singapore

27. Environmental impact
Location and development can be controlled carefully by the local and federal governments
Carrying capacity :- level of tourism development that can occur in the destination
Ecotourism is environmentally responsible travel to natural areas that helps to preserve the area being visited

28. Environmental impact Includes :-
a) Pollution e.g. automobiles, taxis, buses, and aircraft
b) Vegetation e.g. large number of visitors that overwhelm an area and physical abuse to the vegetation

29. Environmental impact
c) Wildlife e.g. wildlife changes result from the killing of animals or birds and the disruption
d) Natural Landscapes e.g. construction results in the encroachment of facilities or buildings

30. Summary
Different impacts of tourism will occur whenever a country welcomes foreign and local tourists.
Those who work in the industry will understand the various factors in influencing tourism better.
We will understand how travel and tourism evolves over time during western civilization