1. 1. R. Brown, 1840’s, showed the existence of the nucleus or “brain of the cell” 2. W. Fleming and E. Strasburger 1860’s, dark staining threads appeared to “dance” in nucleus before new cells formed, outlined the steps of mitosis 3. A. Weismann in 1887 proposed meiosis for sex cells A. History I. Introduction Cell Reproduction

2. 1. Binary Fission or by 2. Endospore Formation Figure 12.12 Figure 27.5 A. Prokaryotes II. Strategies

3. 1. Asexual by mitosis a. Animals AdvantageDisadvantage i. Fission B. Eukaryotes ii. Budding Figure 13.2 Figure 46.2

4. iii. Fragmenting b. Plants do runners, budding, or spore formation c. Fungi do budding or spore formation d. Protists are just weird

5. 2. Sexual by meiosis Advantage Disadvantage a. Plants = Alternation of Generation Figure 29.3

6. b. Fungi same strategy as plants c. Protists again weird d. Animals i. Parthenogenesis ii. Simultaneous Hermaphrodite Figure 46.5

7. iii. Sequential Hermaphroditeiv. Monoecious vs. Dioecious

8. v. Polygynyvs. Polyandry

9. Figure 12.6 1. Interphase a. Gap 1 (G 1 )b. Sc. Gap 2 (G 2 ) A. DefinitionB. Stages 2. Division a. Mitosis or Meiosisb. Cytokinesis III. Cell Cycle

10. What could be a signal? 1. External a. Hormones Figure 12.19 C. Controls

11. b. Contact Inhibition Figure 12.19

12. 2. Internal Figure 12.15 a. Biological Clock b. Cyclin & Kinases Figure 12.16

13. 1. Classification a. Benign Figure 12.20 b. Malignantc. Metastatic D. Cancer

15. 2. Types a. omas Oral Squamous cell Melanoma Glioma

16. 1. Prophase a. Condense Chromosomes Figure 12.4 & 5 A. Definition B. Phases Figure 12.7 c. Build Spindle Fibers b. Dismantle Nuclear Membrane IV. Mitosis

17. 2. Metaphase a. Line Up Sisters Figure 12.8 3. Anaphase Figure 12.9 a. Separate Sisters

18. 4. Telophase a. Reverse Prophase

19. 1. Animals a. Cleavage Furrowa. Cell Plate Figure 12.10 2. Plants A. Definition B. Strategies V. Cytokinesis

20. Figure 12.7 Figure 12.11

21. 1. Karyotype Figure 13.3 A. Definition B. Terms 2. Homologous Chromosomes Figure 13.4 a. Diploid b. Haploid VI. Meiosis

22. 1. Meiosis I C. Phases 2. Meiosis II Figure 13.8

23. Figure 13.10 VII. Comparison

24. Figure 13.11 A. Independent Assortment B. Crossing Over Figure 13.12 C. Random Fertilization VIII. Variation from Meiosis

25. 1. Whole chromosome Figure 15.13 a. Anaphase I A. Non-disjunction Figure 15.13 b. Anaphase II IX. Problems from Meiosis

26. 1. Occur when? 2. Good or Bad? Figure 15.14 B. Chromosomal Disruptions