1. C3 – Chemicals in Our Lives

2. Starter Element or Compound?

3. Sulphur S

4. Carbon Dioxide CO 2

5. Water H2OH2O

6. Chlorine Cl 2

7. Sulphuric Acid H 2 SO 4

8. Carbon (Buckminsterfullerene) C 60

9. Sodium Hydroxide NaOH

10. Definitions Element Contains only one type of Atom. Found on the Periodic Table (of elements) Compound Consists of 2 or more elements bonded (fixed) together

12. Which Elements are in the Compounds?

13. Carbon Dioxide CO 2

14. Water H2OH2O

15. Sulphuric Acid H 2 SO 4

16. Sodium Hydroxide NaOH

17. Elements, Compounds and Rocks Rocks are a MIXTURE of Compounds The most common compound is Silicon Dioxide SiO 2 This is commonly known as Quartz or Silica

18. Rocks and Plate Movements

19. The Rock Cycle Three Rock Types: Sedimentary - made from sediment Metamorphic – changed by heat and pressure Igneous – formed from Lava or Magma (molten rock)

20. Plate Movements

21. Useful Resources from Rocks Coal (carbon) Limestone (Calcium Carbonate) Marble (Calcium Carbonate) Rock Salt (Sodium Chloride) Metal Ores (Compounds containing Metals)

22. Early Chemical Industry

24. What’s the use in Salt? What can Salt be used for? List as many things as you can. Hint – For some, Think about the elements that Salt is made from.

25. Uses of Salt Food (seasoning and preservation) Gritting Road (melts ice) Making Chlorine – Bleach Making Sodium Hydroxide – Soaps and Cleaners Making Hydrogen Gas – A Fuel

26. How is Salt obtained? Evaporation of Sea Water Mining of Rock salt Solution mining of Rock Salt

28. Why use salt in our food? Preservative (stops bacteria from growing) Flavour enhancer (seasoning) Makes food taste better / stronger

29. Salted Cod – Used to Preserve it

30. What is Risk? Risk depends upon 2 factors: Chance of something happening Level of harm that occurs if it does

31. Risk Actual Risk – A Risk calculated from actual data Perceived Risk – A risk thought by individuals without clear data to support it

32. Precautionary Principle If the risks or harm from an activity may be greater than any benefit, it makes sense to restrict or stop the activity. This is particularly true where the level of risk is as yet unknown.

33. Salt and Health Risks: High Blood Pressure, Heart Disease and Strokes High Salt diet – Processed food with added salt Salt is needed – but no more than about 4g per day Current average intake in the UK: Men - 11g of salt per day Women - 8g of salt per day

34. What is an Alkali? Chemical Compounds that contain HYDROXIDE ions (OH-) Turn Universal Indicator Blue or Purple Have a pH over 7, usually between 9 (weak) and 14 (very strong)

35. Recognising Alkalis

36. Uses of Alkalis Making Soap Neutralising Soil Making Glass Dyeing Cloth

40. Alkali Reactions

42. Is it an Alkali? Sodium Hydroxide

43. Is it an Alkali? Water

44. Is it an Alkali? It turns Universal Indicator Blue

45. Is it an Alkali? Potassium Hydroxide

46. Is it an Alkali? Hydrochloric Acid

47. Is it an Alkali? Urea (Urine)

48. Is it an Alkali? Wasp Sting

49. Is it an Alkali? Soapy Water

50. Is it an Alkali? Milk

51. Is it an Alkali? Ammonium Hydroxide

52. Is it an Alkali? Rain water

53. Is it an Alkali? It turns Universal Indicator Yellow

54. Is it an Alkali? Lithium Hydroxide

55. Is it an Alkali? Sulphuric Acid

56. Is it an Alkali? Blood

57. Is it an Alkali? Bee Sting

58. Is it an Alkali? Bleach

59. Is it an Alkali? Fizzy Drinks

60. Is it an Alkali? Toothpaste

61. Acid or Alkali? Magnesium Hydroxide

62. Acid or Alkali? It turns Universal Indicator Blue

63. Is it an Alkali? Lemon Juice

64. Acid or Alkali? Vinegar

65. Acid or Alkali? Drain Cleaner

66. Acid or Alkali? Bar of Soap

67. Acid or Alkali? Stomach Juices

68. Acid or Alkali? Aluminium Hydroxide

69. Acid or Alkali? It turns Universal Indicator Yellow

70. Acid or Alkali? Caesium Hydroxide

71. Acid or Alkali? HCl

72. Acid or Alkali? NaOH

73. Acid or Alkali? KOH

74. Acid or Alkali? H 2 SO 4

75. Electrolysis Using Electricity to split up compounds into the original element that they are made from

77. Chlorine Extracted from Salt Water by ELECTROLYSIS Toxic Green Coloured Gas Very Strong Bleach Why would it be added to drinking water?

79. Risks of Chlorine in Drinking Water Chlorine in drinking water can pose potential risks – creating chemicals which are toxic or even carcinogenic SO WHY ADD CHLORINE??? Benefit outweighs the risk

80. Questions Why is it important that drinking water is treated with Chlorine? Chlorine is a Toxic gas. How can it be safe to add it to drinking water? What potential health risks come from Chlorine in drinking water? Why do we continue to add Chlorine, despite the risks is poses?

81. Electrolysis of Brine Brine – Solution of Salt Water Salt – Sodium Chloride Electrolysis – Splitting up compounds using Electrical Current

82. Chemical Warning Signs Chemistry and Chemicals have their own warning signs of potential hazards These help you to take the correct precautions to ensure that you stay safe and risk is minimised. What do these hazard symbols stand for?

85. Flammable

87. Toxic

89. Explosive

91. Corrosive

93. Harmful (h) or Irritant (i)

95. Oxidising

97. Dangerous to the Environment

98. Assessing Chemical Risk We need to know: -How much of it is needed to cause harm -How much will be used -How it will be used -Chance of escaping into the environment -Who or what it may affect

99. Chemical Safety REACH Regulation Evaluation Authorisation and restriction of Chemical Substances

100. Risks of Plasticisers uPVC – Stiff, Tough Plastic used to make many things including Drainpipes, Doors and Window Frames PVC – Can be softened by adding PLASTICISERS. These make the plastic softer and more flexible. Used in sheeting, coating for wires and as a leather replacement.

101. Risks of Plasticisers

102. What does Sustainable mean? Using the Earth’s resources in a way that can continue in the future “They won’t run out”

103. At the end of the Life Cycle

104. Life Cycle Assessment CRADLE: What is your product? What materials is it made from? What raw materials are used? Are they sustainable? LIFE: What is your product used for? How long will it last? Is any energy or chemicals used in maintaining it during its life? How long is its life likely to be? GRAVE: What could happen to it at the end of its life? List all the alternatives and what would happen to it in this stage. Which of these is the best option and why?

105. LCA

106. Revision Summary