1. Area C: Noun phrases and context 1 SFB 732 “Incremental Specification in Context” - Area C Area C: Noun Phrases and Context Research Results - Ongoing Research C1 The Syntax of Nominal Modification and its Interaction with Nominal Structure C2 Case and referential context

2. Area C: Noun phrases and context 2 SFB 732 “Incremental Specification in Context” - Area C Area C: Noun Phrases and Context Goals: 1.Focus on dependencies between properties of noun phrases 2.Clarify the structure of noun phrases 3.Identify different contextual parameter that constitute noun phrase properties / investigate the interaction between the parameters 4.Compare theses parameters in different languages (cross- linguistic approach / variation)

3. Area C: Noun phrases and context 3 SFB 732 “Incremental Specification in Context” - Area C Project C 1 “The Syntax of Nominal Modification and its Interaction”

4. Area C: Noun phrases and context 4 SFB 732 “Incremental Specification in Context” - Area C Central Question: What can modification tell us about the structure of the DP? Main Areas of Investigation: Ambiguous adjectives in Romance and Greek Ellipsis constructions in Romance Adjectives in the Scandinavian Languages Participles in Romance and Greek

5. Area C: Noun phrases and context 5 SFB 732 “Incremental Specification in Context” - Area C Results: 1.Romance and Scandinavian DPs provide evidence that there are three different domains inside the DP: (i) the Determiner Level (ii) the Classifier Level (iii) the Quantity Level (cf. Borer 2005) 2.Languages differ as to how these different domains are realised. While the features in the DP are the same crosslinguistically, their realization differs from language to language. 3.Modifiers: In the area of modification, we were able to substantiate our hypothesis that ambiguity arises as a result of the availability of two distinct structures, e.g. Relative clause vs. Adjunction. 4.Participles: the structure of participles in Greek and Romance contains layers similar to those of the verbal passive, most notably Aspect, and Voice.

6. Area C: Noun phrases and context 6 SFB 732 “Incremental Specification in Context” - Area C The Romance Languages 1.The distribution of modifiers in the Romance languages  Structural differences and ambiguity in the placement of e.g. French adjectives provide arguments for assuming different structural configurations for predicative vs. attributive modifiers (the “mixed approach”, cf. Alexiadou & Wilder 1998)  Adjectives occurring in pre- and postnominal position (without meaning change) can undergo Local Dislocation (a movement operation in the PF component) (Gengel 2007, 2008)  The Romanian (the cel-construction) provides arguments for a relative clause source of predicative adjectives (cf. Kayne 1994; Marchis & Alexiadou 2008) patterns with adjectives occurring in Greek Determiner Spread (only predicative adjectives are licensed in these constructions)

7. Area C: Noun phrases and context 7 SFB 732 “Incremental Specification in Context” - Area C The Romance Languages 2. NP Ellipsis in the Romance Languages provides evidence for the assumption of a Classifier Phrase (CLP in Borer’s (2005) system), which licenses the NP Ellipsis construction (Alexiadou & Gengel 2008) Example: a. un problema grave - ‘a serious problem’ b. uno [e] grave - ‘a serious one’ (NP Ellipsis) Structure: [DP D un-o [NumP Num [FP Adj grave [ClassP –o/–a [NP NP]]]]]

8. Area C: Noun phrases and context 8 SFB 732 “Incremental Specification in Context” - Area C 1.Variation Definiteness: Scandinavian languages and dialects vary with respect to the realization of modified definite DPs: Swedish, Norwegian, and Faroese display double definiteness (1a), whereas Danish (1b) and Icelandic (1b,c) make use of only one determiner. (1)a. DEF Adj- W N- DEF b. DEF Adj- W Nc. Adj- W N- DEF Adjectival inflection: depending on the choice of adjectival inflection, weak or strong, different readings can arise, i.e. inflection interacts with interpretation. (2)Legg hvert unmoden-t/e eple i denne kass-en. put every/each unripe- S/W apple in this box- DEF 2.Unified Structure The semantics of the articles and the adjectival inflection can be captured as follows (Lohrmann 2008): (3)[ DP2 [disc] [ #P [ FP AP [ F‘ [ident] [ DP1 [sref] [ ClassP [ind] [NP]]]]]]] A Unified Structure for Scandinavian DPs

9. Area C: Noun phrases and context 9 SFB 732 “Incremental Specification in Context” - Area C (3)[DP2 [disc] [#P [FP AP [F‘ [ident] [DP1 [sref] [ClassP [ind] [NP]]]]]]] Following Borer (2005), NP contains ClassP, individuation, and #P, quantity In the spirit of Rizzi (1997), DP is split into two layers, DP1, specific reference, and DP2, discourse reference (cf. Alexiadou, Haegeman & Stavrou 2007) Languages differ as to whether they make use of distinct realizations of the two layers or not: - Swedish, Norwegian, Faroese, Icelandic (1c) have access to the full structure in (3) - Danish and Icelandic (1b) lack the lower DP (1)a. DEF Adj-W N-DEFb. DEF Adj-W Nc. Adj-W N-DEF

10. Area C: Noun phrases and context 10 SFB 732 “Incremental Specification in Context” - Area C Ongoing and Further Research:  Germanic/Romance parallels in partitive and appositive constructions (Germanic vs. Romance parameter?).  Investigation of semantic features in the licensing of NP Ellipsis (partitivity, specificity, reference)  Nominalized Adjectives  Structure of mass nouns vs. count nouns also in relationship to nominalization.

11. Area C: Noun phrases and context 11 SFB 732 “Incremental Specification in Context” - Area C Project C 2 “Case and referential context”

12. Area C: Noun phrases and context 12 SFB 732 “Incremental Specification in Context” - Area C Research Results of C2 Differential Object Marking (DOM) 1.Parameters (context) 2.Interaction between the parameters 3.Crosslinguist variation 4.Diachronic development

13. Area C: Noun phrases and context 13 SFB 732 “Incremental Specification in Context” - Area C (1)Sen bitta muschuk*(-ni) urvor-ding-mi? Uzbek 2Sg a cat-ACC run.over-Prf.2SG-Q ‘Have you run over a cat?’ (2) Biz bu hikoya*(-ni) uqi-gan-miz. Uzbek 1PL DEM stories-ACC read-Pres-1Pl ‘We read these stories.’ (von Heusinger/Klein/Niyazmetowa 2008) Research Results of C2 DP parameters: animacy, definiteness 1. Parameters of DOM (Differential Object Marking)

14. Area C: Noun phrases and context 14 SFB 732 “Incremental Specification in Context” - Area C 1.Parameters of DOM Research Results of C2 DP parameters: animacy, definieteness sentence-parameters: affectedness, information structure Ya conoc í a (a) muchos estudiantes. already knew-1Sg (DOM) many students ‘I already knew many students.’ *(A) muchos estudiantes, ya los conoc í a (DOM) many students, already them knew.1Sg ‘Many students I already knew.’

15. Area C: Noun phrases and context 15 SFB 732 “Incremental Specification in Context” - Area C 1.Parameters of DOM Research Results of C2 DP parameters: animacy, definieteness sentence parameters: affectedness, information structure discource parameters: saliency, discourse persistence

16. Area C: Noun phrases and context 16 SFB 732 “Incremental Specification in Context” - Area C Research Results of C2

17. Area C: Noun phrases and context 17 SFB 732 “Incremental Specification in Context” - Area C 1. Parameters of DOM 2.Interaction of Parameters Bold [Tuya-(g)yav-sn]-idaraa] yav-na Bold.Nom Tuya-(Acc)go-Pst-Gen aftergo-Fut Bold will go after Tuya went (cf. Klein, Udo & Dolgor Guntsetseg, Klaus von Heusinger 2008) Research Results of C2

18. Area C: Noun phrases and context 18 SFB 732 “Incremental Specification in Context” - Area C 1. Parameters of DOM 2.Interaction of Parameters Research Results of C2

19. Area C: Noun phrases and context 19 SFB 732 “Incremental Specification in Context” - Area C 1. Parameters of DOM 2.Interaction of Parameters 3.Crosslinguistic variation 4.Diachronic Development Research Results of C2 1 Reyes 19, 1: A (14 th ) � e como mat ó todos los profetas a espada. B (16 th )de como hab í a muerto � cuchillo � todos los profetas. C (20th E)... y de como hab í a matado a espada a todos los profetas. D (20th A)... y como hab í a � matado a espada a todos los profetas. English... how he had killed all the prophets with the sword.

20. Area C: Noun phrases and context 20 SFB 732 “Incremental Specification in Context” - Area C 1. Parameters of DOM 2.Interaction of Parameters 3.Crosslinguisti variation 3.Diachronic Development Research Results of C2

21. Area C: Noun phrases and context 21 SFB 732 “Incremental Specification in Context” - Area C 1.Parameters of DOM Transitivity lexical semantics of verbs 2.Interaction of Parameters Partitive construction in Turkish “bare definite nouns” in Romanian 3.Diachronic Development Spanish verb classes Development of two indefinite articles in Uzbek 4.Semantic Model “referential context model” Comparison with OT Syntactic approaches Ongoing Research of C2

22. Area C: Noun phrases and context 22 SFB 732 “Incremental Specification in Context” - Area C Area C: Noun Phrases and Context Goals: 1.Focus on dependencies between properties of noun phrases √ 2.Clarify the structure of noun phrases √ 3.Identify different contextual parameter that constitute noun phrase properties / investigate the interaction between the parameters √ 4.Compare theses parameters in different languages (cross- linguistic approach / variation) √

23. Area C: Noun phrases and context 23 SFB 732 “Incremental Specification in Context” - Area C Area C: Noun Phrases and Context Goals of the next phase 1.Arguments of nominalizations vs. verbs 2.Case alternation of arguments 3.Syntactic, semantic, pragmatic and ontological conditions for case marking 4.Discourse relation and realization of arguments 5.Crosslinguistic variation

24. Area C: Noun phrases and context 24 SFB 732 “Incremental Specification in Context” - Area C Area C: Noun Phrases and Context Projects of the next phase C1 Argument realization and encoding in noun phrase C2 Argument realization and referential context C3 Interpretation and Discourse Structure

25. Area C: Noun phrases and context 25 SFB 732 “Incremental Specification in Context” - Area C Area C Discussion ? Questions ? Suggestions ?