1. Clicker Question-A Chicken Game 0, 0 0, 1 1, 0 -10, -10 Swerve Hang Tough Swerve Hang Tough Player 2 Pllayer 1 Does either player have a dominant strategy? A) Yes B) No

2. Nash Equilibrium in Chicken Game? 0, 0 0, 1 1, 0 -10, -10 Swerve Hang Tough Swerve Hang Tough Player 2 Pllayer 1 How many Nash equilibria does this game have? A)None B)Exactly one C)At least two

3. Monte Hall Problem Let’s Draw a Game Tree… Problem 6, chapter 2

4. Information sets in Monte Hall game In last move, contestant knows which door he chose and which Monte opened. The door that Monte opened is neither the one that contestant opened nor the one with the good prize. Six things contestant might see. 1/ 2, 1/ 3, 2/ 1, 2/ 3, 3/ 1, 3/ 2.

5. Finding information sets If contestant sees 1/ 2, then the node might be 1/ 1 /2 or it might be 3/ 1/ 2. Why couldn’t it be 2/ 1/ 2? So one information set is {1/1/2,3/1/2}. What are the others?

7. HW Problem 2.11 Perfect Recall?

8. Problem 8 Figure PR2.8 Harrington: Games, Strategies, and Decision Making, First Edition Copyright © 2009 by Worth Publishers

9. Nash Equilibrium

10. Clicker Question 1: 6,03,24,1 2,3 2,8 1,12,05,2 Player 1 Strategy A1 Strategy B1 Strategy C1 Strategy A2 Stategy B2 Strategy C2 Is the outcome where Player 1 plays B1 and Player 2 plays C2 a Nash equilibrium? A)Yes B)No

11. Clicker Question 2: 6,03,24,1 2,3 2,8 1,12,05,2 Player 1 Strategy A1 Strategy B1 Strategy C1 Strategy A2 Stategy B2 Strategy C2 Is the outcome where Player 1 plays A1 and Player 2 plays B2 a Nash equilibrium? A)Yes B)No

12. Definition A strategy profile is a Nash Equilibrium if each player’s strategy maximizes his payoff given the strategies used by the other players.

13. Best response mapping Best response for a player is a mapping from actions by the others to the action (or actions) that maximizes the player’s payoffs given the actions of the others. In Nash equilibrium, every player is doing the best response to what the other players are doing.

14. Prisoners’ Dilemma Game 10, 10 0, 11 11, 0 1, 1 CooperateDefect Cooperate Defect PLAyER 1 PLAyER 1 Player 2

15. Battle of Sexes 2,1 0,0 1,2 Bob Alice Movie A Movie B Movie A Movie B BR A (A)=A BR A (B)=B BR B (A)=A BR B (B)=B

16. Best Responses and Nash Equilibria for this game? BR 2 (a)=z BR 1 (w)=b BR 2 (b)={w,x,z} BR 1 (x)=b BR 2 (c)=y BR 1 (y)=b BR 2 (d)={y,z} BR 1 (z)={a,d}

17. Find Nash equilibria for these games Chicken Pure coordination (Driving Game)

18. How many Nash equilibria (in pure strategies)? There might be just one. There might be more than one. There might not be any.

19. Rock, Paper Scissors, Where is Nash equilibrium?

20. When is Nash equilibrium “the right answer”? 1.Players are “rational”. Each player’s strategy maximizes his payoff, given his beliefs about the strategies used by the other players. 2.Each player’s beliefs about the other players’ strategies are correct. When is 2) a reasonable assumption?

21. 3-Hunter Stag Hunt 2,2,20,1,0 1,0,01,1,0 Hunter 3 does Stag Hunter 3 does Hare Hunter 2 StagHare Stag Hare Hunter 1 0,0,10,1,1 1,0,11,1,1 Hunter 2 Stag Hare Stag Hare Find the Nash equilibria Hunter 1

22. Weakly dominated strategies? Nobody will use a strictly dominated strategy in Nash equilibrium. If there is a strictly dominant strategy for all players, it is a Nash equilibrium. (example Prisoners’ Dilemma.) Nash equilibrium does not exclude possibility of using a weakly dominated strategy. (A voting example with unanimous preferences.)

23. Nash and domination Every Nash equilibrium survives the iterated elimination of strictly dominated strategies. Not every outcome that satisfies the iterated elimination of strictly dominated strategies is a Nash equilibrium.

24. Clicker Question 3: 6,03,24,1 2,3 2,8 1,12,05,2 Player 1 Strategy A1 Strategy B1 Strategy C1 Strategy A2 Stategy B2 Strategy C2 Does this game have more than one Nash equilibrium? A)Yes B)No

25. Clicker Question: What are the Nash Equilibria for this game? A) Player 1 plays a and Player 2 plays z. B)Player 1 plays d and Player 2 plays z. C)Player 1 plays b and Player 2 plays y. D)Both outcomes A) and B) are Nash equilibria. E)There are no Nash equilibria 4,1