1. Connecting Operations
LCol Don Mulders
CJOC J6
3 Feb 15

2. Today’s Uncertainty Understanding Unpredictable Engagement Unstable
OPI: SO Comd
Why should you care
What is the problem you’re going to need to be prepared to solve
Unpredictable
Unstable
Volatile
Understanding
Engagement
Preparedness 2

3. CJOC Mission
Le Commandement des opérations interarmées du Canada prépare et mène des opérations dans le but de défendre le Canada, d’aider à défendre l’Amérique du Nord et, lorsqu’il est appelé à le faire, de favoriser la paix et la sécurité à l’étranger.
Canadian Joint Operations Command prepares for and conducts operations – to defend Canada, to assist in the defence of North America, and, as directed, to promote peace and security abroad.
 OPI: SO Comd

4. What is CJOC ? CJOC is not: CJOC is: Ships Aircraft
Tanks or Infantry Battalions
Subject matter expert of maritime, air, land, or special operations warfare
A building in Ottawa
CJOC is:
Understanding the operating environment
Preparing for contingencies
Commanding, conducting, and enabling operations
Providing the supporting framework for all of the above
A command that includes Components, RJTFs, Task Forces, Liaison Network, Operational Partners & Allies, and Support Hubs
purview of service chiefs & components as warfare domain leads
OPI: SO Comd

5. What is CJOC(2) ? The CJOC mission requires: What does this mean:
Command, Control, Communications, and Computer Networks
Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance
Operational Sustainment
Force Protection
Component / JTF / Warfare Domain leadership
What does this mean:
Many of CJOC’s outputs cannot necessarily be seen or touched but nonetheless are essential to sustaining excellence in operations
key requirements to success, in addition to mission assigned forces
 OPI: SO Comd
CJOC is your Operational Steward

6. CANADIAN ARMED FORCES – OPERATIONS
REGIONS:
= North America
= South America
= Middle East
= Asia Pacific
= Europe
= Africa
Effective: 19 January 2015 1 16 17 15 14 10 13 19 9 7 18 11 12 3 8 2 6 4 5
Rogers Pass (BC)
Op PALACI
DRC
Op CROCODILE / MONUSCO
Jerusalem
Op PROTEUS / USSC
Iraq
Op IMPACT
Europe
Op REASSURANCE
Sp to JIATF-S
Op CARIBBE
Sierra Leone
Op SIRONA
Middle East
Op JADE / UNTSO
Cyprus
Op SNOWGOOSE / UNFICYP
Afghanistan
Op ADDENDA
Haiti
Op HAMLET/ MINUSTAH
Kuwait
OSH
Sinai
Op CALUMET / MFO
Kosovo
Op KOBOLD / KFOR
Korea / Japan
UNC / UNMAC
South Sudan
Op SOPRANO /
UNMISS
Gulf of Aden
Op ARTEMIS
Bahrain/Qatar/Djibouti
Op FOUNDATION
Germany
Hub HQ & ILEA 1 5 9 13 17 2 6 10 14 18 3 7 11 15 19 4 8 12 16

7. Operational Support Group Operationally Assigned Forces
CDS
CJOC Command
Team
7 x
LOs HQ
32 x
CDAs
Components
Regional
SAR
Regional
Joint Task Forces
Canadian Forces Joint
Operational Support Group
Operationally Assigned Forces CF
Warfare Centre
Operational
Support
Hubs
Maritime Component Command
HALIFAX
SRR Comd
VICTORIA
JTF
North
YELLOWKNIFE
Canadian
Materiel
Support
Group
CF Joint
Signal
Regiment
Domestic
Expeditionary
Expeditionary
KUWAIT
Expeditionary
1st Canadian Division Headquarters
KINGSTON
JTF
Pacific
ESQUIMALT
SRR Comd
TRENTON 1
Engineer
Support
Unit
GERMANY
7 CF
Supply
Depot
Expeditionary
JTF
West
EDMONTON
Expeditionary
Expeditionary
Joint Force Air Component Command
WINNIPEG
Expeditionary
SRR Comd
HALIFAX 3
Canadian
Support
Unit
25 CF
Supply
Depot
JAMAICA
JTF
Central
TORONTO
Joint Space Component Command
OTTAWA
CF Ammo
Depot
Angus
4 CF
Movement
Control
Unit
LEGEND
JTF
East
QUEBEC
CF Ammo
Depot
Bedford
Full Command
Operational Command
Operational Control
Force Protection Only
In Development
Command Support / Cyber Component Command
OTTAWA CF
Postal
Unit
CF Ammo
Depot
Dundurn
JTF
Atlantic
HALIFAX
Special Operations Coordination Element
Medical
CF Ammo
Depot
Rocky
Point MP
Services
Group
JTF
NCR - CFSU(O)
OTTAWA

8. Planning, Command and Conduct of Operations: C2 View
Commander CJOC
(Deputy Commanders)
Canadian Forces Joint Operational Support Group (CFJOSG)
Canadian Forces Warfare Centre (CFWC)
CJOC HQ
Component Commanders
Deputy Commander Continental
Deputy Commander Expeditionary
Joint Force
Air
Component Commander (JFACC)
Maritime Component Commander (MCC)
Joint Force Cyber Component Commander (JFCCC)
CJOC J6 View - NOT OFFICIAL
CJOC HQ
1 CAD HQ
MARLANT HQ
Combined Joint Interagency Task Force (CJIATF) Commander
Regional Joint Task Force (RJTF) Commanders
Comd 1 Cdn Div
Task Force Commander
(Air)
(Maritime)
CJOC HQ
(small missions)
Task Force Commanders
Search & Rescue
Region (SRR) Commanders
Comd JTF(N)
Comd JTF(P)
Comd JTF(W)
Comd JTF(C)
Cmdt FOI(E)
Comd JTF(A)
Comd MARLANT
Comd 4 Cdn Div
Comd 3 Cdn Div
Comd MARPAC
Cmdt 2 Div CA
Comd SRR Victoria
Comd SRR Trenton
Comd SRR Halifax
Comd 1 CAD
(Cyber)
Joint Task Force Commander
This shows a Command-centric view of CJOC Formation and CJOC operations. Note the addition of the recently added JFCCC. Also note that DComd Cont and DComd Exped Command is not an official command construct, but the concept demonstrates that the two can (and do) act as an LCC.

9. CJOC J6 Mission Centre of Gravity
Marshal communication and information systems effects that enable command and control of Canadian Armed Forces operations
Centre of Gravity
Credibility

10. CJOC J6 Vision
CJOC command and control will be fully enabled by robust, agile, resilient, and efficient cyber domain support extended to all CJOC areas of operations. Cyber domain support will be effects-driven and command-centric. Planning and implementation of cyber domain support shall be streamlined and enabled by a Joint Force Cyber Component Commander

11. What We Do: The Other C2 C4ISR = C2 → C2 ← ISR Cyber enablers J6 AO
JCOT AO
C4ISR = C2 → C2 ← ISR
Comd relationships
Drives the other C2
Operation specific
Ops / Intel driven
Drives the other C2
Command, Control, Communications, Computers,
Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance

12. What We Do (2)
Connect deployed Commanders and their missions, within and without:
Integrated, streamlined, and responsive C2 systems
Ops focused Expeditionary and Continental CIS Planners
Command and Control Systems - Specialists and Equipment
SATCOM, HF, UHF/VHF, CSNI, DWAN, CDMN, Cyber, Networks, Bandwidth, Coalition, OGDs, …
We work at the Operational level to plan / connect / provide / support deployed C2 Systems.
General overview of C2IS support across the spectrum of CF deployed operations. Distinct from integral Army, Navy & Air Force CIS, and distinct from IM Gp CIS. We connect tactical to Strategic, LAN to WAN, CJOC Comd to TFComd. We provide liaison where required.

13. What We Are Doing Operations!! Iraq: Operation IMPACT
Coalition environment in multiple locations
Multiple CAF capabilities
Streaming Video from CP140 to CAOC
Europe: Operation REASSURANCE
Working alongside NATO again
Army, Navy, Airforce, each with unique C2 requirements
The North: Operation NANOOK
Harsh environment, long distances, limited infrastructure
Whole of Government

14. What We Are Doing (2) Exercises!! JOINTEX / Trident Juncture
NATO, joint, coalition, CPX, LIVEX, big!
Heavy C2 & CIS requirements
Strategic vectors
Determined Dragon
CAN/US
Continental defence
More mature CIS, but …

15. What We are Doing (3)
CONPLAN CIS Re-writes: JUPITER, CITADEL (dev 1st version), ANGLE, RENAISSANCE
Injecting fidelity and real effects into planning
CIS Plan for the North
Increased presence and bandwidth requirements
Improved resilience
Interoperability (see Ops & Ex)
NATO, 5-Eyes, US Combatant Commands
Coalition Deployable Mission Network (CDMN) development / oversight

16. What We are Doing (4)
Joint Data Links: Building a joint operating concept
SATCOM Governance and Operations
Refining who does what to support all CAF SATCOM ops
Standardising CIS laydown for Operations
Improving secure C2 while reducing costs & footprint
CFJP 6.0 – Doctrine
Fundamental to how we provide Command Support, and for whom
Beyond Line of Sight (BLOS) comms
HF is NOT dead

17. Some thoughts on Cyber: The Five Domains
The five warfare domains are inter-related. Perhaps more accurately expressed as a 3-dimensional Venn diagram. (Canadian Forces operational capabilities in the Space domain are nascent, hence the dotted line and colour.)
Cyber Space: Interdependent network of information technology structures … (definition from DND/CF Policy on CF Computer Network Operations)
Clearly, not just wired and not just computer networks. The man-made cyber environment includes the electromagnetic spectrum on which components of the information technology infrastructure depend, as well as sensors and weapons that interact with the other warfare domains.
Cyber is a key domain in which we operate.
We do not have a unified “Cyber Command” with end-to-end responsibility for Force Development, Force Generation and Force Management.
It’s not what we own, it’s what we do.
Maritime
(RCN)
Land
(CA)
Air
(RCAF)
Cyber
(____)
Space
(____)
Force Development, Force Generation, Force Management = ( )
Force Employment = Canadian Joint Operations Command

18. Operations in the Cyber Domain (examples)
Communication and Information Systems (CIS) support to Command and Control
Deliver CIS
Assure information integrity
Intelligence (including Signals Intelligence)
Surveillance and Reconnaissance
Electronic Warfare
Computer Network Operations
Defend own networks
Exploit adversaries’ use of computer networks
Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations
Information Operations
Information Management
Counter-IED is an example of an activity conducted in and through the Cyber Domain
Air Defence is another example of an activity that is conducted in and through the Cyber Domain
Signals Intelligence, Electronic Warfare, Computer Network Exploitation, Surveillance and Reconnaissance to gain intelligence on the adversary
Communication and Information Systems, supported by Information Management, to process intelligence, inform Commanders, plan effects and transmit orders
Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations and Computer Network Defence to ensure preservation of our own capabilities
Electronic Warfare to degrade and disrupt adversary capabilities
Information Operations to diminish support for the adversary
Surveillance and Reconnaissance feeding Intelligence to enable kinetic effects

20. Effects in the Cyber Domain (how)
Commanders and Staff
Anticipate, prepare - including plan - and conduct
CJOC
Components: MCC, JFACC, JFCCC
Task Forces: CJIATF, RJTF, JTF
Joint Force Cyber Component Commander (JFCCC)
OPCOM to CJOC for force employment
Ensure delivery of planned joint effects in Cyber domain
Joint Force Cyber resources under OPCOM / OPCON
Manage interface with tactical-level cyber elements
Force Generators
Integral CIS support to Command and Control of tactical-level units and formations (Task Force and below)
Operations in the Cyber Domain - like operations in the Maritime, Land and Air Domains – involve Commanders at all levels and all branches of their Staff.
The Director General of Information Management Operations (DGIMO) is the Joint Force Cyber Component Commander, under Operational Command.
CJOC Comd plans, commands and conducts Canadian Forces operations. The JFCCC ensures the delivery of joint effects in the Cyber Domain.
Joint Force Cyber resources will be OPCOM or OPCON to the JFCCC for operations.
The JFCCC will manage the interface of tactical to joint operational cyber capabilities. The integral CIS that supports Command and Control at the Task Force Commander level and below, such as a Battalion Signal Platoon or the Joint Signal Regiment assets tasked to support the Canadian Joint Inter-Agency Task Force Headquarters, will remain with their supported unit or formation.

21. Cyber Support to Operations
Op IMPACT
Cyber Support to Operations
The Cyber Operating Environment
The Cyber Environment is critical to the conduct of modern military Operations. Cyber infrastructures present potential single points of failure for Operations, exercises, and enterprise activities of the Department of National Defence/Canadian Armed Forces (DND/CAF).
Freedom of action within and through the Cyber Environment depends on our ability to protect and defend against accidental, malicious or adversarial Cyber action. The Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) are actively engaged in this persistent and daily challenge to ensure availability of the DND/CAF Cyber Environment in support of domestic and deployed operations.
For DND/CAF, cyber elements (e.g. computers on board ships, deployed HQ, aircraft, ISR …) physically reside in other environments. This means that cyber effects reach across and are realized within the other physical environments. The interconnected and network-enabled nature of CAF command and control systems, enable the CAF considerable operational agility; however, this same cyber environment will be used by our adversaries to conduct their own operations, including contesting our use of the cyber environment.
As the CAF is highly dependent upon the interconnected, federated command and control networks, a threat or vulnerability becomes a shared risk across environments. As a result, it is essential that DND/CAF possess cyber operational capabilities to assure our own operations in a contested cyber environment while continuing to plan and operate nationally, or with our allies, across the full spectrum of operations, including the cyber environment. (Canada First Defence Strategy, 2008).
Defensive Cyber Operations in Support of C2
The focus of Defensive Cyber Operations (DCO) is to defend our cyber capabilities when security of the ITS (Information Technology Systems) is compromised. Today, the CAF conducts daily DCO. The aim of DCO is to actively counter threats and return the network to its original secure operating state.
DCO are the actions taken to defend the availability, integrity and confidentiality of the CAF command and control system and data so that a commander can exercise his/her operational authorities. DCO actions include intelligence support activities (Protect), surveillance and reconnaissance tasks (Detect and Orient), command decisions (Decide), and countermeasure deployment (Act). DCO capabilities in the CAF can be both passive and/or active to increase our freedom of action.
Sound intelligence supports defensive cyber operations. Cyber operations employ intelligence, counterintelligence and other government / partner capabilities to defend our networks, and protect the data that resides on them.
Cyber is becoming normalized in DND/CAF and is integrated as an operational effect early in the operational planning process. Planning for defensive cyber operations is both contingency and deliberate and must be robust enough to withstand everyday connectivity to the global networks and agile enough to respond to cyber attacks or exploitation attempts.
The Canadian Forces Network Operations Centre (CFNOC) is tasked with the cyber defence of all DND/CAF networks. In order to execute this charge, CFNOC employs all available resources to understand, characterize, and mitigate cyber threats targeted at CAF personnel. One of the mechanisms available to help defend critical nodes is Op CHAMPION.
The mission of Op CHAMPION is to conduct focussed defensive cyber operations to defend DND/CAF networks from threat activity targeting identified individual DND/CAF personnel. Op CHAMPION is CFNOC’s standing, repeatable operation used to deliberately apply additional protective measures to DND/CAF networks based on identifying those accounts at higher than normal level of risk to adversary computer network exploitation.
Op IMPACT – HOW EXCELLENCE WAS ACHIEVED
As part of the CJOC planning process to support Op IMPACT, the Joint Cyber Operations Team worked closely with the CJOC HQ in the identification of key deployed personnel who potentially could be targeted by an adversary actor based on the assessed threat.
For this particular operation, the threat to deployed IT (Information Technology) infrastructure (i.e. Blackberries) was highlighted, which caused a shift in the way deployed communications were implemented at the tactical level.
Additional protection was added, via Op CHAMPION defensive measures, to ensure C2 nodes were adequately defended.
Building the Camp

22. Excellence in Operations
CONCLUSION
As the Chief of the Defence Staff stated in his Guidance to the Canadian Armed Forces (dated June 2013), his first priority is - Delivering Excellence in Operations and as he rightly pointed out … “Our strengths remain the capabilities generated by the Royal Canadian Navy, the Canadian Army, the Royal Canadian Air Force, and the Canadian Special Operations Command.”
In essence, Excellence in Operations is all about the people - our people - and each and everyone of you in this room plays a part in setting them up for success – whether that be through realistic training, developing force protection measures and equipment for a future conflict, commanding those that are deployed on operations or at high readiness, or managing the force by ensuring that the centre is resourced to do everything I just spoke about not only for today but well into the future.