1. Validity (cont.)/Control RMS – October 7

2. Validity Experimental validity – the soundness of the experimental design – Not the same as measurement validity (the goodness of the operational definition) Internal validity Construct validity External validity

3. Internal Validity Concerns the logic of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables It is the extent to which a study provides evidence of a cause-effect relationship between the IV and the DV

4. confounding Error that occurs when the effects of two variables in an experiment cannot be separated – results in a confused interpretation of the results Example – Group A (IV = 0) – Group B (IV = 1) – Behaviour observed

5. How do you know what could be confounding? Need to make judgments as you design the experiment Be particularly careful with subject variables

6. Construct Validity Extent to which the results support the theory behind the research – Would another theory predict the same experimental results? Hypotheses cannot be tested in a vacuum – The conditions of a study constitute auxilliary hypotheses that must also be true so that you can test the main hypothesis

7. Example H1: Anxiety is conducive to learning Participants selected on basis of whether they bit their fingernails (sign of anxiety) Observe how fast they can learn to write by holding a pencil in their toes (a learning task) Did not just test impact of anxiety of learning – Tested that fingernail biting is a measure of anxiety (H2) – Tested that writing with toes is a good learning task (H3) If either is false, you could have negative results even if the main hypothesis is true

8. Similarities Construct Validity Try to rule out other possible theoretical explanations of the results Must design a new study to help you choose between competing theoretical explanations Internal Validity Try to rule out alternative variables as potential causes of the behaviour of interest May be able to redesign the study to control for the source of confounding

9. External Validity How well the findings of an experiment generalize to other situations or populations – Strictly speaking results are only valid for other identical situations – Can be hard to know which situational variables are important Ecological validity is related – Extent to which an experimental situation mimics a real-world situation

10. Statistical Validity Extent to which data are shown to be the result of a cause- effect relationship rather than an accident – Does the relationship exist or was it caused by pure chance Similar to internal validity Notion of power (is n big enough?) Is measure accurate? Is the statistical test appropriate? – 3 kinds of lies: lies, damn lies, and statistics Statistical test establishes that an outcome has a certain low probability of happening by chance alone – No guarantee that it’s not a random error in sampling or measurement

13. So we did the green study again and got no link. It was probably a – RESEARCH CONFLICTED ON GREEN JELLY BEAN/ACME LINK; MORE STUDY RECOMMENDED - xkcd.com/882/

14. Threats to Internal Validity - 1 Events outside the laboratory (history): – Can occur when different experimental conditions are presented to subjects at different times Example: Feelings of depression (failure condition on Monday, success condition on Wednesday) – What if Monday was rainy and Wednesday was sunny? Maturation: – A source of error in an experiment related to the amount of time between measures – Subjects may change between conditions because of naturally occurring processes Aging doesn’t just occur with people!

15. Threats to Internal Validity - 2 Effects of Testing: – Changes caused by testing procedure (not processes unrelated to the experiment) Learn how to do the task, learn the style of a test Regression Effect: – tendency of subjects with extreme scores on a 1 st measure to score closer to the mean on a second testing – Not a perfect correlation between 2 variables SAT and GPA or repeated SAT Arises when there is an error associated with the measurement of the variables (e.g., students know some answers and make lucky/unlucky guesses at the rest) Random error – that part of the value of a variable that can be attributed to chance

16. Threats to Internal Validity - 3 Mortality: – The dropping out of some subjects before an experiment is completed – Selective subject loss – Can introduce bias depending on the reason they are dropping out Selection: – Any bias in selecting groups can undermine internal validity

17. Threats to Construct Validity – 1 Difficult as there are an indefinite number of theories that may account for a given relationship Strategy: ask whether alternative theoretical explanations of the data are less plausible than the theory believed to be supported by the research

18. Threats to Construct Validity - 2 Loose connection to theory and method – The anxiety/learning example – Often research suffers from poor operational definition of theoretical constructs Ambiguous effect of IV – Experimenter can control all reasonable confound variables – Participant may compromise result by seeing the situation differently than the experimenter

19. Human-subject research Good subject tendency: – Participants want to help the research achieve their goals (and may not understand the goals) Evaluation apprehension: – Tendency of participants to alter their behaviour to appear as socially desirable as possible

20. Threats To External Validity Other subjects – Are the participants truly representative of the sample to which you are trying to generalize? Other times – Would the same experiment conducted at another time produce the same results? – Caution: the web is rapidly changing Other settings – Lab vs field – Structured vs unstructured environments

21. Reading: DRAM errors in the wild What’s the research problem? What was their approach? Hypotheses? – IV, DV – Measurement validity Internal validity Construct validity External validity

22. Control Basic idea: isolate the effect of the treatment on the dependent variable – Ensure there are no reasonable alternative causes Basic design: control vs. experimental group Setting: – Field vs. lab – Experiment vs. non-experiment

23. Allocation (sampling) Random, stratified random, matching – Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rASK8PpqakM &feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rASK8PpqakM &feature=related

24. Experimental Design Within subjects – All subjects receive all conditions Between subjects – All subjects receive only one of the conditions Mixed design – Some factors between, some within