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Today CSS HTML A project
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The Breakdown All web pages can be broken down into bucketized content areas These areas can updated by changing the code on every page, - or - By using cascading style sheets!
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Advantages of Style Sheets
Saves time Easy to change Keep consistency Give you more control over layout Use styles with JavaScript => DHTML Make it easy to create a common format for all the Web pages
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Applying a single style sheet to multiple documents
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Basic Structure of a Style
Each definition contains: A property A colon A value A semicolon to separate two or more values Can include one or more values h1 {font-size:12pt; color:red}
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Style Precedence External style sheet Embedded styles Inline styles
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Three Style Types Inline styles Example
Add styles to each tag within the HTML file Use it when you need to format just a single section in a web page Example <h1 style=“color:red; font-family: sans-sarif”>IU</h1>
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Three Style Types Embedded or internal styles Example
A style is applied to the entire HTML file Use it when you need to modify all instances of particular element (e.g., h1) in a web page Example <style> h1 {color:red; font-family:sans-serif} </style>
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Creating an Embedded Style
<head> <title>Embedded Example</title> <style> (default is “text/css”) Style declarations </style> </head> A style declaration: Selector {attribute1:value1; attribute2:value2; …} Selector = an element in a document (e.g., a header or paragraph)
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An Example of an embedded style (p. 353 Fig 7-2)
<head> <title>Getting Started</title> <style type=“text/css”> h1 {font-family: sans-serif; color: organge} </style> </head>
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Three Style Types External style sheets Example
An external style sheet is a text file containing the style definition (declaration) Use it when you need to control the style for an entire web site Example h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {color:red; font-family:sans-serif} Save this in a new document using a .css extension
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Creating an External Style Sheet
Open a new blank document in Notepad Type style declarations h1 {color:red; font-family:sans-serif;} Do not include <style> tags Save the document as filename.css
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Linking to Style Sheets 1
Open an HTML file Between <head> and </head> add <link href=URL rel=“relation_type” type=“link_type”> URL is the file.css Relation_type=“stylesheet” Link_type=“text/css” Save this file and the .css file in the same web server directory
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An example of an external style sheet with an original html file
<head> <title>Getting Started</title> <link href=“scraps.css” rel=“stylesheet” type=“text/css” /> </head> h1 {font-family: sans-serif; color: orange} b {color: blue} Text file of css named “stylesheet” html file
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Style Sheet Strategies
Wherever possible, place your styles in external style sheets Take advantage of the power of CSS to have control over an entire Web site
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Using IDs and Classes Use an id to distinguish something, like a paragraph, from the others in a document. For example, to identify a paragraph as “head”, use the code: <p id=“head”>… </p>
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Working With Ids To create an ID for a specific tag, use the property:
<tag ID=id_name> To apply a style to a specific ID, use: #id_name {style attributes and values}
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Classes HTML and XHTML require each id be unique– therefore an id value can only be used once in a document. You can mark a group of elements with a common identifier using the class attribute. <element class=“class”> … </element>
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Applying a style to a class
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Working With Classes To create a class, enter the following in the HTML tag: <tag CLASS=class_name> <h1 CLASS=FirstHeader>IU</h1> class_name is a name to identify this class of tags To apply a style to a class of tags, use: tag.class_name {style attributes} or .class_name {style attributes}
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Working With Classes and Ids
The difference between the Class property and the ID property is that the value of the ID property must be unique: you can’t have more than one tag with the same ID value You can apply the same Class value to multiple document tags
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Working With DIV <DIV> tag is used for blocks of text, e.g., paragraphs, block quotes, headers, or lists To create a container for block-level elements, use: <DIV CLASS=class_name> Block-level elements </DIV> Class_name is the name of the class You can substitute the ID proper for the Class property (with ID, the syntax for CSS style, #id_name {style attributes and values}
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Working With <DIV>
DIV.Slogan {font-weigh:bold} style Maxwell…: “We teach… Resulting text <DIV CLASS=Slogan>Maxwell Scientific’s new Slogan is:<BR>”We teach science”</DIV> HTML code
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Working With <span>
With the <span> tag, you can use inline elements, e.g., <B>, <I> To create a container for inline elements, use: <span CLASS=class_name> inline elements </span>
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CSS for Page Layout CSS manipulates the size and location of block-level elements Block-level elements in HTML: Heading tags, e.g., <H1>, <H2> <p> <blockquote> and <address> tags List tags, e.g., <ul>, <ol>, <dl> <div> <body> <hr> <img>
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CSS for Page Layout Parts of the block-level elements: Margin Border
Padding
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CSS for Page Layout (Carey, 7.49)
I appreciate the prompt delivery of the pack of star disks. padding border margin
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Controlling the Margins
To define the margins of an element, use: margin:value where value = a length value (“em” is often used), a percentage (a margin proportional to the element’s width, or auto
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Controlling the Margins
To set margins on a side, use: margin-top margin-right margin-bottom margin-left E.g., LI {margin-left:2em; margin-right:2em; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em}
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Setting the Padding Size
To define padding, use: padding: value where value = a length value or a percentage (a padding proportional to the element’s width)
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Setting the Padding Size
To set margins on a side, use: padding-top padding-right padding-bottom padding-left
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Formatting the Border Border can be set in three ways: border-width
border-style border-color
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Formatting the Border To set the border, use:
border:width_value style color To set borders on a side, use: border-top border-bottom border-left border-right Carey
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Formatting Width & Height of Block-Level Boxes
To set the width of a block-level element, use: width:value height:value where value can be a length value, a percentage, or auto E.g., textarea {width:225px; height:100px}
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Using the Float Attribute (p. 371-372)
To float (wrap) a block-level element, use: float:margin Where margin = right, left, none To prevent an element from wrapping, use: Clear:margin Where margin=right, left, both, none
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Using the Float Attribute
float:right width:50px clear:right float:right width:50px
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Formatting Hypertext Links
To remove the style of underlining hypertext, use: A {text-decoration:none} 4 types of hyperlinks can be modified: A:visited {styles for previously visited links} A:link {styles for links that have never visited} A:active {styles for links that are currently being clicked} A:hover {styles when the mouse cursor is hovering over the link}
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