1. C1 Topic 5: Fuels Literacy Starters: Sentences and Paragraphs

2. C1.22 Crude Oil Describe this image using 4 quality sentences:

3. C1.23 Crude oil fractions Rewrite this headline so it reads as a sentence: ‘Blast at Bangkok oil refinery triggers huge blaze’

4. C1.24 Combustion Convert these six sentences into as few sentences as possible without losing any information – aim for three! When hydrocarbons fuels burn, they react with oxygen and release heat energy. They also produce light energy. This is an oxidation reaction called combustion. You can carry out experiments to detect the products of a combustion reaction. One of the products of a combustion reaction is carbon dioxide. Water is also produced.

5. C1.25 Incomplete combustion Into which paragraph in the following text would you put this sentence: ‘Car exhausts are also a common source of carbon monoxide.’ Why? Carbon monoxide is a product of incomplete combustion of natural or petroleum gas. Inhaling the gas reduces the blood's ability to carry oxygen, leaving the body's organs and cells starved of oxygen. Common sources of carbon monoxide in the home include faulty central heating systems, gas appliances and fires. Blocked flues and chimneys mean the gas can't escape and is inhaled by the unsuspecting individual. In the UK, about 50 people die each year in their homes from accidental carbon monoxide poisoning.

6. C1.26 Acid rain Describe what is happening in this diagram using 5 sentences:

7. C1.27 Climate change Put these sentences in the correct order: These gases include carbon dioxide, emitted by fossil fuel burning and deforestation, and methane, released from rice paddies and landfill sites. The greenhouse effect is the natural process by which the atmosphere traps some of the Sun's energy, warming the Earth enough to support life. Most mainstream scientists believe a human-driven increase in "greenhouse gases" is increasing the effect artificially.

8. C1.28 Biofuels Label the following statements as either ‘advantages’ or ‘disadvantages’ Biodiesel can be used in any diesel vehicle and it reduces the number of vibrations, smoke and noise produced. They are non-toxic. Biofuel may raise the price of certain foods, which are also used for biofuel such as corn. Biofuel development and production is still heavily dependent on Oil. As other plants are replaced, soil erosion will grow. They are renewable. A lot of water is used to water the plants, especially in dry climates. Deforestation in South America and South Eastern Asia causes loss of habitat for animals and for indigenous people living there. There can be a reduction in fossil fuel use. Biofuel operations help rural development. Biodiesel is biodegradable.

9. C1.28 Biofuels Label the following statements as either ‘advantages’ or ‘disadvantages’ Biodiesel can be used in any diesel vehicle and it reduces the number of vibrations, smoke and noise produced. They are non-toxic. Biofuel may raise the price of certain foods, which are also used for biofuel such as corn. Biofuel development and production is still heavily dependent on Oil. As other plants are replaced, soil erosion will grow. They are renewable. A lot of water is used to water the plants, especially in dry climates. Deforestation in South America and South Eastern Asia causes loss of habitat for animals and for indigenous people living there. There can be a reduction in fossil fuel use. Biofuel operations help rural development. Biodiesel is biodegradable.

10. C1.29 Choosing Fuels Convert these six sentences into as few sentences as possible without losing any information – aim for three! Most of the fuels we use cause some pollution. Natural gas (which is mainly methane), petrol, kerosene and diesel oil (obtained from cruse oil) are all non-renewable fossil fuels. They all produce carbon dioxide and water when they burn completely. If incomplete combustion occurs, any of these fuels can produce carbon monoxide and soot. Some fuels contain impurities such as sulfur. Sulfur forms sulfur dioxide when it burns.

11. C1.30 Investigating fuels Look at the text on page 177. Pick out the sentence starters that make this a well written evaluation. I think that… One way to solve this… This would make it look like… This would mean… Another problem… To solve this…

12. C1.31 Alkanes and alkenes Write a headline that might go with this picture:

13. C1.32 Cracking Write one paragraph to describe what you learnt last lesson. Use these words: Alkanes Bonds Saturated Carbon Hydrogen Unsaturated Alkenes Double bond Bromine Colourless Red-brown

14. C1.33 Polymerisation Write these key words and tick off the ones you are sure you know the meaning of: Flexible, cheap, insulator, shatterproof, tough, slippery, resistant, corrosion Extension – write one alternative word for each one. Use a thesaurus if you need to.

15. C1.34 Problems with polymers Write 5 quality sentences that describe this image: