1. Blade Nomenclature

2. Blade Nomenclature

3. Axial and Radial Flow Turbines
Differences between turbine and compressor:
Long
Short
Blade 1
Last blade
Compressor
Turbine
Work as nozzle ►
Work as diffuser
Direction of rotation is same as
Life
Direction of rotation is opposite
to lift direction
Number of stages is small <3
Number of stages are many
Temperature is high, sometimes
blade cooling is required
Temperatures are relative low

4. Axial and Radial Flow Turbines
Differences between Radial and Axial Types.
Axial
Radial
(Centrifugal)
Used for large engines ►
Used for small engines
Large mass flow rates
Small mass flow rates
Better efficiencies
Lower efficiencies
Expensive
Cheap
Difficult to manufacture
Easy to manufacture

5. Axial Flow Turbines
Most of the gas turbines employ the axial flow turbines.
The chapter is concerned with axial flow turbines.
The radial turbine can handle low mass flows more efficiently than the axial flow machines.

6. Axial Flow Turbine Elementary Theory of Axial Flow Turbine
► Velocity Triangles.
■ The velocity triangles for one axial flow turbine stage and the nomenclature employed are shown. The gas enters the row of nozzle blades with a static pressure and temperature P1, T1, and a velocity C1, is expanded to P2, T2, with an increased velocity C2 at an angle α2.
■ The rotor blade angle will be chosen to suit the direction β2 of the gas velocity V2 relative to the blade at inlet.
■ V2 and β2 are obtained from the velocity diagram of known C2, α2, and U.

7. Axial Flow Turbine Elementary Theory
The gas leaves the rotor at β3, T3, with relative velocity V3 at an angle β3.
C3 and α3 can be obtained from the velocity diagram.

8. Axial Flow Turbine ► Single Stage Turbine
■ C1 is axial → α1 = 0, and C1 = Cα1. For similar stages (same black shapes) C1 = C3, and α1 = α3, called repeating stage.
■ Due to change of U with radius, velocity triangles vary from root to tip of the blade.

9. Axial Flow Turbine ► Assumptions
■ Consider conditions at the mean diameter of the annulus will represent the average picture of what happen to total mass flow.
■ This is valid for low ratio of tip radius to root radius.
■ For high radii ratio, 3-D effects have to be considered.
■ The change of tangential (whirl) mass is . This amount produces useful torque.
■ The change in axial component produces the axial thrust on the rotor.
■ Also there is an axial thrust due to P2 – P3.
■ These forces (net thrust on turbine rotor) are normally balanced by the thrust on the compressor rotor.

10. Axial Flow Turbine

11. Axial Flow Turbine
► Calculation of Work
Assume Ca= constant
(1)

12. Axial Flow Turbine Applying principle of angular momentum
From Equation (1)
Steady-state energy equation:
Thus:

13. Axial Flow Turbine
Elementary theory of axial flow turbine

14. Axial Flow Turbine
ηs is the isentropic stage efficiency based on stagnation (total) temperature.
(used for land-based gas turbines).
Defining
ψ = blade loading coefficient (temperature drop coefficient)

15. Axial Flow Turbine Thus, Degree of reaction: 0 ≤ Λ ≤ 1
For, Ca = const. and C3 = C1
and relative to rotor blades no work, thus

16. Axial Flow Turbine 
Substitute in (a):

17. Axial Flow Turbine Λ = 0.5 → Symm. velocity triangles
● Λ = 0 : Impulse turbine
● Λ = 1 :
Defining flow coefficient:

18. Axial Flow Turbine
Adding:
From:

19. Axial Flow Turbine
If , Λ, and  are assumed, blade angles can be determined.
● For aircraft applications:
3 < ψ < s, <  < 1
● For industrial applications:
 is less (more stages)
 is less (larger engine size)
α3 < 20 (to min. losses in nozzle)
● Loss coefficient:
Λ and Y: The proportion of the leaving energy which is degraded by friction.

20. Axial Flow Turbine Example (Mean diameter design) Given: Assumptions:
Rotational speed fixed by compressor: N = 250 rps
Mean blade speed: 340 m/s
Nozzle loss coefficient:

21. Axial Flow Turbine Calculation: Λ degree of reaction at mean radius
Plot velocity diagrams
Blade height h, tip/root radius,
Assume:
The temperature drop coefficient:
Assume (try):

22. * To calculate degree of reaction Λ:
Axial Flow Turbine
* To calculate degree of reaction Λ:
■ Get β3:
α3 = 0
■ To get Λ use
This is low as a mean radius value because Λ will be low or negative at the root.
This introduce a value for α3.
Take α3 = 10°

23. Axial Flow Turbine Reaction at root should be checked.
Thus α3 = 10°, β3 = tan = 54.96

24. Axial Flow Turbine With knowledge of
plot velocity diagrams.
* Determine blade height h and tip/root radius ratio, .
Assumption:
Calculation of area at Section 2 (exit of nozzle)

25. Axial Flow Turbine

26. Axial Flow Turbine For the nozzle:
P2 > Pc, the nozzle is not choked.

27. Axial Flow Turbine
Calculate areas at section (1) inlet nozzle and (3) exit rotor.

28. Axial Flow Turbine

29. Axial Flow Turbine Mean radius using areas at stations 1,2,3 thus 3 2
Location
0.1047
0.0833
0.0626
0.077
0.0612
0.04
1.43
1.33
1.24

30. Axial Flow Turbine Blade with width W Normally taken as W=h/3
Spacing s between axial blades

31. Axial Flow Turbine Vortex Theory
The blade speed ( u=r) changes from root to tip, thus velocity triangles must vary from root to tip.
Free Vortex design
axial velocity is constant over the annulus.
Whirl velocity is inversely proportional to annulus.
Along the radius.

32. Axial Flow Turbine
For variable density, m is given by

33. Axial Flow Turbine Ex: Free vortex
Results from mean diameter calculations

34. Axial Flow Turbine 58.33 8.52 54.93 Tip 51.13 12.12 39.32 62.15 Root
54.93
Tip
51.13
12.12
39.32
62.15
Root
54.96 10
20.49
58.38
mean

35. Axial Flow Turbine

36. EES Design Calculations of Axial Flow Turbine

37. EES Design Calculations of Axial Flow Turbine

38. EES Design Calculations of Axial Flow Turbine

39. EES Design Calculations of Axial Flow Turbine

40. EES Design Calculations of Axial Flow Turbine

41. EES Design Calculations of Axial Flow Turbine

42. Axial Flow Turbine

43. Axial Flow Turbine