1. VISIT, Volcanic Ash Detection using GOES Ken Pryor (NOAA/NESDIS/STAR) Volcanic Ash Detection Using GOES Ken Pryor NOAA/NESDIS/STAR

2. VISIT, Volcanic Ash Detection using GOES Ken Pryor (NOAA/NESDIS/STAR) Outline Introduction Volcanic Ash Detection –Application of GOES IR channel data –Explanation of detection technique Case studies/exercises Summary

3. VISIT, Volcanic Ash Detection using GOES Ken Pryor (NOAA/NESDIS/STAR) Background See VISIT lesson: – “The GOES 3.9 mm Channel” http://rammb.cira.colostate.edu/visit/3- 9.html

4. VISIT, Volcanic Ash Detection using GOES Ken Pryor (NOAA/NESDIS/STAR) Introduction Volcanic ash represents a serious hazard to high altitude jet aircraft along major air routes adjacent to active volcanoes. In addition to damaging the leading edge surfaces of aircraft, ash ingested into jet engines results in loss of performance, and possibly complete shutdown. The continued increase in international air traffic will lead to a higher likelihood of volcanic ash encounters.

5. VISIT, Volcanic Ash Detection using GOES Ken Pryor (NOAA/NESDIS/STAR) Introduction Mt. Redoubt, AK 1750 UTC 26 March 2009 From: FAA Aviation Safety Journal Vol. 2 (3) Taken from Diamond Ridge near Homer, AK Volcanic ash damage to aircraft

6. VISIT, Volcanic Ash Detection using GOES Ken Pryor (NOAA/NESDIS/STAR) Application of IR Data Band 5 (12um) is not as transparent as band 4 (11um), with absorption due to low level moisture resulting in slightly cooler brightness temperatures than in band 4 (Ellrod and Connell 1999). The reverse absorption effect has been found for volcanic aerosols and ash (Volz 1973), resulting in slightly warmer brightness temperatures in band 5 than in band 4. Band 2 (3.9 um) is also a window channel with very little moisture absorption that is very sensitive to heat sources (such as fires or volcanoes), and can also provide information about cloud phase.

7. VISIT, Volcanic Ash Detection using GOES Ken Pryor (NOAA/NESDIS/STAR) Application of IR Data Even in bright daytime scenes, ash clouds stand out against the background if they are sufficiently dense (Ellrod and Schreiner 2004). Volcanic ash is clearly distinguishable from cirrus, mid-level clouds, and oceans. If only thermal IR data are used, the ash would be virtually indistinguishable from other cloud types in the region due to similar brightness temperatures.

8. VISIT, Volcanic Ash Detection using GOES Ken Pryor (NOAA/NESDIS/STAR) Detection Technique GOES-West Detection Algorithm (Ellrod and Connell 1999): B = C + m (T5 - T4) + (T2 - T4) where B is output brightness temperature (K), C is a constant, m is a scaling factor, and T2, T4, T5 are the brightness temperatures (K) for bands 2, 4 and 5 respectively. The T5 - T4 difference is used since it results in a positive value for volcanic ash.

9. VISIT, Volcanic Ash Detection using GOES Ken Pryor (NOAA/NESDIS/STAR) Detection Technique GOES-East Detection Algorithm (Ellrod and Schreiner 2004): B=5(T2-1.5T4 + 1.5T6)-230 or B=5(DT)-230 where T6 is band 6 brightness temperature. DT values between 230 and 300 are scaled to output brightness counts between 0 and 255. Values of B that are large relative to surrounding clouds and terrain represent volcanic ash.

10. VISIT, Volcanic Ash Detection using GOES Ken Pryor (NOAA/NESDIS/STAR) Detection Technique GOES-West Method

11. VISIT, Volcanic Ash Detection using GOES Ken Pryor (NOAA/NESDIS/STAR) Detection Technique GOES-East Method

12. VISIT, Volcanic Ash Detection using GOES Ken Pryor (NOAA/NESDIS/STAR) Volcanic Ash Detection: GOES Products http://www.orbit.nesdis.noaa.gov/smcd/opdb/aviation/volc.html

13. VISIT, Volcanic Ash Detection using GOES Ken Pryor (NOAA/NESDIS/STAR) Volcanic Ash Detection: User Example

14. VISIT, Volcanic Ash Detection using GOES Ken Pryor (NOAA/NESDIS/STAR) Limitations Within hours of an eruption, the presence of copious amounts of water in the volcanic eruption cloud often results in non- discrimination of ash (Ellrod and Connell 1999). Deep moist tropical conditions can mask the presence of volcanic ash, or prevent clear discrimination of the ash from meteorological clouds: Especially applicable to eruptions of smaller volcanoes that emit ash into the lower and middle troposphere, such as the Soufriere Hills volcano.

15. VISIT, Volcanic Ash Detection using GOES Ken Pryor (NOAA/NESDIS/STAR) Limitations Loss of band 5(12um) with GOES-12 (Ellrod and Schreiner 2004): An important modification to the GOES-12 Imager was the replacement of 4 km resolution, 12 um IR band 5 with lower resolution (8 km) IR band 6 centered near 13.3 um. The 12 um band will not be restored until GOES- R becomes operational. Some degradation of remote sensing of volcanic ash is likely, leading to both underdetection of thin ash, and an increase in the area of ‘‘false’’ ash, resulting in possible over-warning for aviation advisories.

16. VISIT, Volcanic Ash Detection using GOES Ken Pryor (NOAA/NESDIS/STAR) Case Studies/Exercises

17. VISIT, Volcanic Ash Detection using GOES Ken Pryor (NOAA/NESDIS/STAR) Case 1: Redoubt, Alaska 26 March 2009 Daytime eruption Explosive eruption at 1724 UTC (0924 AKDT). Ash cloud height of 65,000 ft above MSL with pilot reports of a plume height of 60,000 ft. Ashfall advisory was issued for the western Kenai Peninsula.

18. VISIT, Volcanic Ash Detection using GOES Ken Pryor (NOAA/NESDIS/STAR) Case 2: Soufriere Hills, West Indies, 10 January 2009 Nighttime eruption Explosive eruption at 0530 UTC. Ash cloud height was estimated as high as 22,000 ft above MSL. Lower level ash emissions with height estimated near 8,000 ft above MSL.

19. VISIT, Volcanic Ash Detection using GOES Ken Pryor (NOAA/NESDIS/STAR) 0615Z Observation

20. VISIT, Volcanic Ash Detection using GOES Ken Pryor (NOAA/NESDIS/STAR) 1230Z Forecast

21. VISIT, Volcanic Ash Detection using GOES Ken Pryor (NOAA/NESDIS/STAR) Summary and Conclusions GOES can effectively detect volcanic ash and show areal extent. While the loss of the 12 um IR band is likely to degrade the overall volcanic ash detection capability somewhat, some case studies have shown that imagery from GOES-12 and its successors will prove to be an effective means of warning pilots of hazardous ash clouds in many situations. http://www.orbit.nesdis.noaa.gov/smcd/opdb/aviation/volc.html

22. VISIT, Volcanic Ash Detection using GOES Ken Pryor (NOAA/NESDIS/STAR) References Casadevall, T. J., 1992: Volcanic hazards and aviation safety: Lessons of the past decade. Aviation Safety Journal, Vol. 2, No. 3, Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, DC Davies, M. A., and W. I. Rose, 1998: Evaluating GOES imagery for volcanic cloud observations at the Soufriere Hills volcano, Montserrat. Amer. Geophys. Union Proc., in press. Dean, K., S. Bowling, G. Shaw, and H. Tanaka, 1994: Satellite analysis of movement and characteristics of the Redoubt Volcano plume, January 8, 1990. J. of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 62, 339-352.

23. VISIT, Volcanic Ash Detection using GOES Ken Pryor (NOAA/NESDIS/STAR) References Ellrod, G.P. and B. Connell, 1999: Improvements in Volcanic Ash Detection Using GOES Multi-spectral Image Data. Preprints, Conf. on Aviation, Range and Aerospace Meteorology, 10-15 January, 1999, Dallas, Texas, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Boston. Ellrod, G.P. and A.J. Schreiner, 2004: Volcanic ash detection and cloud top height estimates from the GOES-12 imager: Coping without a 12 micrometer infrared band. Geophys. Res. Letters, 31, L15110, 11 August 2004. Volz, F. E., 1973: Infrared optical constants of ammonium sulfate, Sahara dust, volcanic pumice and flyash. Applied Optics, 12, 564- 568.

24. VISIT, Volcanic Ash Detection using GOES Ken Pryor (NOAA/NESDIS/STAR) Questions?

25. VISIT, Volcanic Ash Detection using GOES Ken Pryor (NOAA/NESDIS/STAR) Thank You!