1. Cellular Respiration All Organisms CH 2 O + O 2  CO 2 + H 2 O + Energy Oxidizable Organic Molecule

2. Cellular Respiration All Organisms CH 2 O + O 2  CO 2 + H 2 O + Energy Oxidizable Organic Molecule Aerobic & Anaerobic

3. Cellular Respiration All Organisms CH 2 O + O 2  CO 2 + H 2 O + Energy Oxidizable Organic Molecule Used Aerobic & Anaerobic Energy Currency:

4. Cellular Respiration All Organisms CH 2 O + O 2  CO 2 + H 2 O + Energy Oxidizable Organic Molecule Aerobic & Anaerobic Energy Currency: ATP

5. Photosynthesis Green Plant Cells

6. Photosynthesis Photoautotrophs C0 2 + H 2 0  CH 2 O + O 2 + H 2 O Oxidizable Organic Molecule Made Oxygen Produced Light Dependent CO2 split?

7. Photosynthesis Photoautotrophs C0 2 + H 2 0  CH 2 O + O 2 + H 2 O Purple Sulfur Bacteria: CO 2 + H 2 S  CH 2 O + S

8. Photosynthesis Photoautotrophs C0 2 + H 2 0  CH 2 O + O 2 + H 2 O Purple Sulfur Bacteria: CO 2 + H 2 S  CH 2 O + S Radioactive Isotopes (Plants): CO 2 + H 2 O  CH 2 O + O 2

9. Photosynthesis Photoautotrophs C0 2 + H 2 0  CH 2 O + O 2 + H 2 O

11. Chloroplast

12. Chloroplast Structure

13. Chloroplast

14. Development of Chloroplasts (circular DNA)  Protoplastid  Etioplast  Prolamellar body  (chromoplasts or  leucoplasts)  Chloroplast

15. Photosynthesis Photoautotrophs C0 2 + H 2 0  CH 2 O + O 2 + H 2 O Light needed to split water Pigment Molecules large complex molecules that can trap light energy

16. Photosyntheically Active Radiation (PAR)

17. Photosynthesis Photoautotrophs C0 2 + H 2 0  CH 2 O + O 2 + H 2 O Light needed to split water Pigment Molecules PGAL C 3 – 1 st Food -> Glucose Starch Lipids Proteins recycled – CO 2 acceptor RuBP C 5

18. Photosynthesis Photoautotrophs C0 2 + H 2 0  CH 2 O + O 2 + H 2 O Pigment Molecules Chlorophyll a C 55 H 72 O 5 N 4 Mg Blue-green 4 tetrapyrole rings

19. Chlorophyll a Other Chlorophylls Chl b – Yell/Green Chl c Chl d

20. Absorption Spectrum of Chlorophylls a and b

21. Action Spectrum of Photosynthesis

22. Absorption Spectra (various photosynthetic pigments)

23. Carotenoids (lipids) Xanthophyll – yellow (has oxygen) Carotene – orange/yellow (lacks oxygen) Alpha & Beta

24. Absorption Spectrum of A & B Carotene

25. Phycobilins (straight-chain tetrapyrole group attached to a protein) Phycocyanin (bluish) Phycoerythrin (reddish) Phytochromes

26. Phycocyanin & Phycoerythrin Absorption Spectra

27. Absorption Spectrum of the Phytochromes

28. Accessory Pigments other chlorophylls, xanthophylls, carotenes ……..  1. Absorb light and pass it on to chlorophyll a.  2. Prevents photooxidation of chlorophyll a.

29. Flavinoids (water soluble – all absorb UV light) Anthocyanins red-purple (indicator) Flavones UV light (bee guides) Aurones yellows

30. Betacyanins (water soluble – absorb some UV light) - Contains Nitrogen - Found in plant groups that do not produce anthocyanins: Chenopodiales – goosefoots, cactuses, portulacas. - Red/Yellow (indicator)

31. Chloroplast (Within the thylacoid the pigment molecules are precisely arranged and tightly packed.) Chlorophyll a electron transfer Reaction Center (1 in 300 molecules) Antenna Molecules Accessory Molecules-Photosynthetic Unit

32. Chloroplast (Within the thylacoid the pigment molecules are precisely arranged and tightly packed.)

33. Part of a Photosynthetic Unit Accessory pigments feed Reaction Center

34. Two types of PUs or Photosystems, Structured into the Thylacoid Membrane  Photosystem II 680 nm more chl b  Photosystem I 700 nm more chl a and carotenoids  Need both red wavelengths for enhanced photosynthesis R. Emerson, 1950’s (Each system carries out certain reactions. Link by electron acceptors in Light Phase of Photosynthesis.)

35. Light Phase (If components arranged according to energy levels: Z-Pathway

36. Light Phase

37. Photosystem II Non-cyclic Photophosphorylation

38. Photosystem I Non-cyclic Photophosphorylation

39. Light Phase  Products:  1. NADPH 2  2. ATP  (OXIDIZABLE ORGANIC MOLECULES made in the Dark Phase of Photosynthesis.)

40. Light Phase

41. Triazine Herbicide

42. Cyclic Photphosphorylation

43. Cyclic Photophosphorylation

44. Non-cyclic Photophosphorylation

45. PCR, Calvin-Benson Cycle

46. Photosynthetic Carbon Reduction Cycle (PCR) (Ribulose 1, 5 –Bisphosphate Carboxylase – Rubisco – CO2 Trapping enzyme)

47. Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Cycle (Source of NADPH2 for lipid synthesis: RuMP (C5) for Nucleic Acid Production) Enzymes of the Photosynthetic Carbon Reduction Cycle (PCR) only function with light.

48. Electron Flow in the Chloroplast

49. Some Pathways

50. Warburg Effect 1920’s

51. RuBp Oxygenase Reaction (Rubisco) Favored in High Temp or Low CO 2, High O 2 “Photorespiration”

52. RuBp Oxygenase Reaction (Rubisco)

53. C 4 Plants In Mesophyll Cells CO 2 + PEP  Oxylate (C 4 )  Asparatate & Malate (C 4 )  translocates

54. C 4 Plants Bundle Sheath Cells C 4 Acids  Pyruvate (C 3 ) + CO 2  CO 2 + RuBP (C 5 )  PCR Cycle

55. The C 4 Syndrome Another Way of Assimilating CO 2

57. Krans Leaf Anatomy

58. C- 4 Plants Krans Leaf Anatomy Mesophyll Chloroplasts - have grana Bundle Sheath Chloroplasts - no grana - much starch storage

59. Advantages of C 4 Photosynthesis

60. 1. Steeper CO 2 Utilization Gradient 2. Decreased Photorespiration 3. Arrangement of Mesophyll/Bundle Sheath Cells favorable to Transport

61. Disadvantages of C 4 Photosynthesis

62. 1. Extra Biochemical Steps (energy expense)

63. CAM Plants - CAM Plants do not have Krans Leaf Anatomy. - CAM Plants use PEP as a CO 2 Trap – as in C 4 plants - CO2 Trapping and PCR cycle separated in time.

64. CAM Plants

65. C 4 vs CAM Plants

66. Ambient Factors Affecting Photosynthesis  Oxygen O 2

67. Ambient Factors Affecting Photosynthesis  Oxygen O 2  Light

68. Effects of Light (Differences Between C 3 and C 4 Plants)

69. Effects of Light  Light-Saturated Photosynthesis 1/3 full sunlight for most plants (mostly limited by PCR Cycle Reactions)  Light-Limited Photosynthesis Only at very low light intensities (Light Compensation point -  Below CO 2 accumulation) Blackman’s Principle of limiting Factors

72. Shade Plants  Thinner Leaves  More Chlorophylls; Less Carotenoids (Chl a less protected from photooxidation)  PSUII:PSUI = 3:1  Lower light compensation point

73. Sun Plants  Thicker Leaves  Less Chlorophylls; More Carotenoids (Chl a more protected from photooxidation)  PSUII:PSUI = 2:1  Higher light compensation point

75. Ambient Factors Affecting Photosynthesis  Oxygen O 2  Light  Temperature

76. Effect of Temperature

78. Ambient Factors Affecting Photosynthesis  Oxygen O 2  Light  Temperature  CO 2 and H 2 O Stomatal Action “trade off”