1. PHOBOS-GRUNT GAP \ TDLAS GAP G. Durry, J. Cousin, L. Joly GSMA, CNRS, Reims University, France I. Vinogradov, A. Titov, O. Korablev, M. Gerasimov IKI, Moscow N. Amarouche, DT-INSU\CNRS, France Second Moscow Solar System Symposium (2M-S3)

2. CGT – carrier gas tank (2 tanks with gas regulators and sensors each) CalGT – calibration gas tank PR 1,2 – pressure regulators PS 1,2 – pressure sensors SV – sample volume IT 1,2 – injection traps for permanent gases and for organics CL 1,2 – capillary columns for permanent gases and for organics TCD 1,2,3 – thermal conductivity detectors CL – capillary leak S – separator v1-15 - valves GC – gas chromatograph TDLAS – tunable diode laser spectrometer PC 1-6 – pyrolytic cells MS – mass-spectrometer Schematics of Gas Analytic Package

3.  Laser (T Laser, I Laser ) =  mol T Laser I Laser Peltier FoFo F1F1  Laser  Laser CH 4, 40 Torr, 8cm, ~ 1.65  m FoFo F1F1 Principles

4. Inheritage: the balloonborne laser diode sondes (SDLA) for the Earth stratosphere CH 4

5. Targeted molecular species: C 2 H 2, 1.53  m, expected molecular absorption depth ~ a few % H 2 16 O, 12 CO 2, 2.68  m, expected molecular absorption depth ~ a few tens % HDO, H 2 18 O, H 2 17 O, 2.64  m, expected molecular absorption depth ~ a few % 13 CO 2, OC 18 O, 2.04  m, expected molecular absorption depth ~ 0.5% Antimonide DFB laser diodes (Nanoplus GmbH) Precision error ~ a few % for a measurement time ~ a few seconds Reference: G. Durry, J.Li, I. Vinogradov & al., Applied Physics B, 99, pp 339-351, 2010.

6. TDLAS

7. Spectrocopy and calibration H 2 O (10%) + He, 220 hPa Experimental spectra with TDLAS - LM G. Durry, J.Li, I. Vinogradov & al., Applied Physics B, 99, pp 339-351, 2010.

8. Laboratory Spectrocopy for Phobos-Grunt Experimental spectra CO 2 isotopologues

9. C2H2

10. CO 2 H2OH2O

11. H 2 O isotopologues

12. Calibration of the TDLAS- FM integrated into the Lander CO 2 (~ 2000 ppmv) + He P ~ 700 mbar T ~ +70°C = 2.68  m CO 2 (~ 2000 ppmv) + He P ~ 260 mbar T ~ +70°C = 2.68  m experimental simulated

13. Pulsed insertion of a small portion of pure CO2 and transporting it along the QM GC capillaries and through the TDLAS optical cell by the carrier gas He. Time interval between successive spectra, recorded by the laser#4, is 18 s:

14. References : TDLAS – Phobos-Grunt: “Near infrared diode laser spectroscopy of C 2 H 2, H 2 O, CO 2 and their isotopologues and the application to TDLAS, a tunable diode laser spectrometer for the Martian PHOBOS-Grunt space mission”, G. Durry, J.Li, I. Vinogradov, A. Titov, A.V. Kalyuzhny, L. Joly, J. Cousin, T. Decarpenterie, N. Amarouche, M. Liu, B. Parvitte, O. Korablev, M. Gerasimov, V. Zéninari, Applied Physics B, 99, 339-351, 2010. Spectroscopy of C2H2 for Phobos-Grunt: «Diode laser spectroscopy of two acetylene isotopologues ( 12 C2H2, 13 C12CH2) in the 1.533 µm region for the PHOBOS-Grunt space mission», J. Li, L. Joly, J. Cousin, B. Parvitte, B. Bonno, V. Zéninari, G. Durry, Spectrochimica Acta Part A, 74, pp1204-1208, 2009. «Self-broadening coefficients and positions of acetylene around 1.533 μm studied by high-resolution diode laser absorption spectrometry», J.Li, G. Durry, J. Cousin, L. Joly, B. Parvitte, and V. Zeninari, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, Vol. 111, pp 2332-2340, 2010. Spectroscopy of H2O and CO2 isotopologues for Phobos-Grunt: G. Durry & al., « Laser diode spectroscopy of the H 2 O isotopologues in the 2.64 micron region for the in situ monitoring of the Martian atmosphere », Infrared Physics & Technology, Vol. 51, Issue 3, pp229-235, 2008. Le Barbu T.; Zéninari Z.; Parvitte B.; Courtois D. and G. Durry, 2006, « Line strengths and self-broadening coefficients of carbon dioxide isotopologues (13CO2 and 18O12C16O) near 2.04 µm for the in situ laser sensing of the Martian atmosphere », Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 98, 264- 276, 2006.

15. Perspectives Missions «Moon-Glob» and «Moon-Resource»: improved after existing TDLAS Phobos-Grunt-like instrument, integrated inside the GAP. Mission «Venus-D»: stand-alone TDLAS with quantum cascade lasers, like previously proposed for «Venus-EVE», but placed at the Venus-D Descent Module for measuring of sulphuric components of Venussian atmosphere from high altitudes down to its surface level.