1. Carbon exchange Photosynthesis Respiration Decay Soil Organic Matter Vegetation Weathering & Runoff Rock Formation Sedimentary Rock Coal, Oil and Gas Phytoplankton Ocean surface Deep circulation Sinking Sediments Burning / of Fossil fuels Deep ocean Origin Reservoir & FLuxes Geological C-Cycle Biomarker/Isot opes Recent Research

2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis C-Cycle Photosynthesis

3. Available oxygen Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration C-Cycle

4. Outgassing of Primordial CO2 At mid ocean ridges Metamorphosis Of subducted carbonate And outgassing of volcanic arcs Respiration PhotosynthesisWeathering Burial of organic carbon Storage in Carbonate rock Erosion and Exposure of Carbon bearing sediments C-Cycle

5. CO 2 (g) + H 2 O  H 2 CO 3 H 2 CO 3 +H 2 O  H 3 O + + HCO 3 - HCO 3 - +H 2 O  H 3 O + + (CO 3 ) 2- Ca 2+ + (CO 3 ) 2-  CaCO 3 (s) CaCO 3 + H 2 CO 3  Ca 2+ + 2HCO 3 - Primary Silicates + CO 2  Clay + Dissolved metals +H 4 SiO 4 + HCO 3 - 2KAlSi 3 O 8 (Kspar) + 2H + + 9H 2 O  Al 2 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 (kaolinite) + 4H 4 SiO 4 (aq) + 2K + 2KAlSi 3 O 8 (Kspar) + 2CO 2 + 11H 2 O  Al 2 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 (kaolinite) + 4H 4 SiO 4 (aq) +2K + + 2HCO 3 - Basaltic Oceanic Crust + HCO 3  CaCO 3 + Altered Oceanic Crust. CO 2 absorption by surface ocean ~1 yr Mixing to deep ocean ~300 yr Carbonate dissolution ~6000 yr Silicate-rock weathering ~300,000 yr

6. C-Cycle Global estimates of land area, net primary productivity (NPP), and carbon stocks in living plants and soil organic matter for ecosystems of the world Soil C values are for the top 1 m of soil only, except for peatlands, in which case they account for the total depth of peat. Pg = Petagram = Gigatonne. Amthor, J.S. and 21 others. 1998. Terrestrial ecosystem responses to global change: a research strategy. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, ORNL/TM-1998/27.

7. Components of Soil Organic Matter Components of soil organic matter and their functions C-Cycle

8. Global carbon cycle (units are PgC. Role of organisms and contribution of organic inputs to soil organic matter and soil biota C-Cycle5

9. Carbon sequestration by mineral carbonation or Mineral sequestration 2.1 tonnes serpentine is formed per tonne of CO2 sequestered Source http://sequestration.mit.edu/pdf/carbonates.pdfhttp://sequestration.mit.edu/pdf/carbonates.pdf C-Cycle Assuming that coal is 7% carbon

10. Burial of organic carbon C-Cycle

11. Levels (proved reserves) Coal: 905 billion metric tonnes Oil: 1,119 billion barrels (177.9 km 3 ) to 1,317 billion barrels (209.4 km 3 ) Natural gas: 6,183–6,381 trillion cubic feet (175–181 trillion cubic metres) Flows (daily production) during 2006 Coal: 16,761,260 metric tonnes Oil: 84,000,000 barrels per day Natural gas: 104,435 billion cubic feet (2,963 billion cubic metres), http://www.grantowngrammar.highland.sch.uk C-Cycle

12. Atmospheric CO 2 Dissolved CO 2 Carbonic Acid (H 2 CO 3 ) CO3-- H2OH2O H+H+ HCO 3 - Less Acidic More Acidic C-Cycle

13. http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/file/CO2+Flux+Map C-Cycle

14. Carbon Emission Estimate C-Cycle http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vch embook/globalwarmA4.html http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v488/n7409/full/nature11299.h tml?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20120802 http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emi s/glo.html

15. http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/mandias/global_ warming/impact_ocean_acidification.html C-Cycle

16. http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Phytoplankton

17. Geological timescale with important biological events, and observations of well-preserved Precambrian biomarkers (gray) and crude oil (black Elsevier' Treatise on Geochemistry C-Cycle

18. 720 gT 2000 gT 72000000 gT 38 000 gT Gaseous Exchange Decomposition Photosynthesis Sedimentation & Erosion Fossil Fuel Burning 78 gT 0.2 gT 65 gT 5 gT Global carbon system main reservoirs and fluxes. Units are gigatons C for amounts, and gigatons C per year for fluxes. Steady state assumed. C-Cycle http://www.scopenvironment.org/downloadpubs/scope35/chapter15.html

19. Atmosphere. Lithosphere Hydrosphere, Biosphere Mantle B POC, B CH4 D POC W POC A POC E POC, Inorg. C Org. C DMDM A OC WCWC DCDC B BC + B AC ACAC EC,EC, Conti.. C OceaN C S POC BCBC C-Cycle Next

20. C-Cycle NextPrevious Atmosphere. Lithosphere Hydrosphere DMDM DCDC D POC B BC B AC B CH4 B POC W POC w C-Sil W C-SIL WCWC

21. Sink of Carbon W c + W C-SIL + W O-SIL + B POC + B AC +B CH4 Source of Carbon D M + D C + D POC + W POC + B AC Previous C-Cycle

22. Typical δ 13 C org and C/N tot ranges for organic inputs to coastal environments http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304420311000594 C-Cycle

23. Next

24. Previous C-Cycle