1. PULMONARY FUNCTION AND TRANSPORT OF GASES REVISION TASKS

2. Mechanics of breathing- can you describe what happens at rest and during exercise? What happens to the following INSPIRATION External intercostals Diaphragm Ribs and sternum Lung volume Which additional muscles are used during inspiration during exercise? S P

3. Lung volumes- Do you know definitions and values? What do the following stand for? How do they change during exercise? TLC VITAL CAPACITY TV INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME ERV RESIDUAL VOLUME

4. What is the response of ventilation to exercise? Sketch a graph- remember to think about if it is for MAXIMAL or SUBMAXIMAL exercise!! Label your graph

5. Diffusion and partial pressure- do you know what is happening during gaseous exchange What is diffusion? What makes diffusion easier? Surface area of alveoli, temperature, short distance between alveoli and blood, amount of RBC, moist lining in alveoli. Partial pressure- the pressure a gas exerts when it is in a mixture of gases

6. Can you describe what is happening? Internal respiration- TISSUES External respiration- LUNGS

7. Do you understand what is happening during the following processes? INTERNALEXTERNAL O2 transported by blood diffuses to tissue CO2 diffuses out of the tissue cell to the blood O2 is then used and CO2 flows back to the heart and then to the lungs O2 diffuses from alveoli to blood CO2 diffuses from the blood into the lungs to be breathed out Through the alveoli / capillary wall

8. Can you describe the bohr effect? The oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve shows the amount of haemoglobin which is saturated with O2 During exercise- Temp increases Blood becomes more acidic- lower PH Partial pressure of CO2 increases This means there is a reduction in the affinity of O2 to haemoglobin So more O2 is released – called the Bohr effect Q Describe the conditions under which the Bohr effect occurs and how this will affect performance- 4 marks

9. Can you describe the neural regulation of pulmonary ventilation? Define the following RCC Chemoreceptors Propriceptors Lung stretch receptors- (hering brewer reflex) Thermoreceptors How do these control the rate and depth of breathing?

10. Exam questions State what happens to the Residual volume, inspiratory reserve volume and expiratory reserve volume during a period of exercise (3) Identify two effects of regular aerobic training on lung volume and capacities (2) Describe how pulmonary ventilation is controlled during quiet breathing (4) Identify 3 chemical stimuli that control the rate and depth of breathing. How do these chemical stimuli control respiration during exercise? (6) What is meant by the term partial pressure (1)