1. Roundtable for ASEAN Chief Justices on Environment
Citarum River Basin and Water Resources Challenges
Roundtable for ASEAN Chief Justices on Environment
Dr. Thomas Panella
Principal Water Resource Specialist
Asian Development Bank
7 December 2011
Jakarta, Indonesia

2. CITARUM AT GLANCE
The biggest and the longest river in West Java Province
Catchment Area:
6,614 Km2
River basin management area:13,000 Km2
Average rainfall:
2,300 mm/year
Average flow:
5.7 billon/m3/year
Citarum covers : 9 districts
(1)Kab. Bandung,(2)Kab.Bandung Barat, (3)Kab.Cianjur (4)Kab.Purwakarta, (5)Kab.Karawang, (6) Kab.Bekasi, (7)Kab.Subang , (8)Kab.Indramayu, and
(9) Kab.Sumedang
and 3 cities:
(1)Kota Bekasi, (2)Kota Bandung,
and (3)Kota Cimahi

3. CITARUM AT GLANCE Population along the river over 10 million
(50% Urban and growing rapidly)
Total population in the basin:
15,303,758 (50% Urban) (Data BPS 2009)
Total Population in West Java
41,483,729 (Gov. West Java Statistic)
Supplies water for 80% of Jakarta citizens (16 m3/s)
Irrigated area: +300,000 Ha
Reservoirs:
Saguling million m3
Cirata ,165 million m3
Jatiluhur ,000 million m3
Electricity output: 1,400 Mwatt
Photo Doc: Cita-Citarum

4. Specific Challenges Population Growth and Urbanization
Watershed Degradation, Erosion & Sedimentation
Flooding and Water-Related Disasters
Excessive Groundwater Exploitation
Water Pollution
(industrial, domestic, organic and solid waste)
Coastal Degradation
Water Allocation, infrastructure and climate change
Photo Doc: Cita-Citarum

5. Watershed Degradation, Erosion and Sedimentation
Photo Doc: Cita-Citarum
Solutions include:
Improved spatial planning, zoning regulation and enforcement
Conservation, land rehabilitation and reforestation
Sustainable farming practices and provision of alternative sources of livelihoods
Wayang Mount
Photo Doc: Cita-Citarum

7. Severe and Recurrent Flooding
Flood in DayeuhkolotKab. Bandung
(Pikiran Rakyat, Friday, 19 Feb 2010)

10. Excessive Groundwater Exploitation
Subsidence is severe and basin wide:
From 1988 more than 3-4 meter subsidence in some places
Severe impact on river hydraulics (and flooding)
Irreversible aquifer damage
Solutions include:
Improved groundwater regulation , licensing and enforcement
Ground water pricing
Groundwater recharge
Increase surface water supply especially for industry

11. INDUSTRIAL AND DOMESTIC POLLUTION
Solutions Include:
Improved regulation, licensing and enforcement of water quality standards
Improved monitoring
Industrial and domestic waste water treatment plants
Provision of sanitation facilities
Low cost water treatment technology
1,500 industries in Bandung and surrounding area:
280 ton of chemical waste dump into Citarum everyday
Lack of sanitation and waste water treatment facilities
Water quality monitoring in the late 1990s shows that annual average of BoD concentrations as high as 300 mg/liter.
Solution Include:
Law enforcement Industrial and domestic waste water treatment plants Provision of sanitation facilities
Low cost water treatment technology
Photo Doc: Cita-Citarum

12. ORGANIC WASTE 190 Tons of organic waste from farming
dump into the river everyday
(8,000 cows produce 24 kg of waste each)
Solutions include:
Organic fertilizer production to supply downstream farms
Biogas generation
Improved waste management
Photo Doc: Cita-Citarum

13. SOLID WASTE
The annual uncollected garbage that invariably ends up accumulating in the drainage system and rivers amounts 500,000 m3/year
Solutions Include:
Improved solid waste management regulation , zoning and enforcement
Development of solid waste facilities and collection services
Recycle, Reuse, Reduce (3R) facilities
Behavioral changes
Photo Doc: Cita-Citarum

14. Citarum Tributary, Citepus river, Bale Endah, 2010

17. Ciwalengke Village, Majalaya, 2011
Photo by: Adhi Wicaksono/Doc Cita-Citarum
Ciwalengke Village, Majalaya, 2011

18. COASTAL DEGRADATION Coastal abrasion Biodiversity degradation
Increased flooding
Solutions include:
Mangrove rehabilitation and improved coastal ecosystems
Flood control
Coastal protection through dykes and coastal infrastructure

19. WATER USAGE Utilized 7,5 billion m3/year = 57,9%
(Citarum ± 6 billion m3/year
And other rivers ± 1.5 billion m3/year
Potential for utilization
± 5,45 billion m3/year
= 42,1%
Urban water (local need) = 0,3%
Industriy= 2,0%
Drinking water
For Jakarta = 6,0%
Others = 5,0%
Irrigation= 86,7%

20. THREE CASCADES RESERVOIR OPERATIONS
Saguling and Cirata dams operated by Indonesia power and Juanda dam operated by PJTII
Greater coordination required
Updating of the operation procedures for flood and drought

21. Jatiluhur reservoir, Purwakarta District, 2010
Photo by: Diella Dachlan/Doc Cita-Citarum
Klari Weir, Karawang District, 2011
Walahar Weir, Karawang District, 2010
Photo by: Ng Swan Ti/Doc Cita-Citarum

22. Asia – Water Insecurity and Climate Change
This figure, from U. Adelade & other sources, summarizes the geographic locations of likely CC impacts 22

23. THANK YOU
Photo Doc: Cita-Citarum