1. the study of inheritance
Genetics
the study of inheritance

2. There are 2 types of cell division:
Mitosis- growth and repair involved in cells replicating themselves and all of their DNA into exact copies of original cells
Meiosis- sexual reproduction combining sperm & egg to produce an new and original organism that has half of it’s DNA from each parent into a original and unique combination of traits

3. discovered heredity principles studied pea plants
Gregor Mendel
Father of Genetics
Austrian monk
discovered heredity principles
studied pea plants

4. What Is Heredity? Crossing Pea Plants
Mendel devised a way to cross-pollinate pea plants.

5. Common traits Mendel identified in Pea Plants:
seed shape- round vs. wrinkled
seed color-yellow vs. green
pod shape-pinched vs. smooth
pod color-green vs. yellow
flower color-purple vs. white
flower position-top of stem vs. side of stem
stem height- tall vs. short

6. What Is Heredity? Alleles in Pea Plants
Mendel studied the inheritance of seven different traits in pea plants.

7. What Is Heredity? Results of a Cross
In Mendel’s crosses, some forms of a trait were hidden in one generation but reappeared in the next. What was surprising about the offspring in the F2 generation?

8. Vocabulary/Term List asexual reproduction sexual reproduction heredity
trait
genetics
purebred
parental P1 generation
First filial F1 generation
Second filial F2 generation
offspring
gene
allele
dominant
recessive
hybrid
probability
Punnett square
phenotype
genotype
homozygous
heterozygous
Vocabulary/Term List

9. Sample Crosses
If a purebred tall pea plant with was cross pollinated with a purebred short pea plant describe it's offspring:
Parent (P) Generation-
First Filial (F1) Generation-
Second Filial (F2) Generation-

10. Sample Crosses Part 2
If a purebred pea plant with purple flowers was cross pollinated with a purebred pea plant with white flowers describe it's offspring in each:
Parent (P) Generation-
First Filial (F1) Generation-
Second Filial (F2) Generation-

11. Sample Crosses Part 3
If a purebred pea plant with wrinkled seeds was cross pollinated with a purebred pea plant with round seeds describe it's offspring in each:
Parent (P) Generation-
First Filial (F1) Generation-
Second Filial (F2) Generation-

12. A GREAT visual representation!

13. Probability and Heredity
How to Make a Punnett Square
What are the steps in using
a Punnett Square to find the probabilities of a genetic cross?

14. Probability and Heredity
Describing Inheritance
An organism’s phenotype is its physical appearance. Its genotype is its genetic makeup. Complete the missing information in the table.

15. Punnett squares

16. Punnett Square-draw, label & complete
A homozygous pea plant with yellow seeds is crossed with a homozygous pea plant with green seeds.
y y Y Y
Describe the results in: percentages, ratios and fractions & use the terms heterozygous and homozygous in your results
Phenotypes of each plant:
Genotype of each plant

17. Punnett Square- Draw, label & complete
A heterozygous pea plant is crossed with another heterozygous pea plant with both with yellow seeds.
Y y Y y
Describe the results in: percentages, ratios and fractions & use the terms heterozygous and homozygous in your results
Phenotypes of each plant:
Genotype of each plant

18. Punnett Square Practice:
For each sample question fill in the Punnett square and describe the offspring in the F1 generation. Include:
· Genotypes (Percentages, ratios, fractions of alleles)
· Phenotypes (Percentages, ratios, fractions of each physical appearance)
Sample #1: In Guinea pigs black fur color is dominant over white fur color. Suppose a homozygous black male guinea pig mated with a heterozygous black female guinea pig.
(P) Parent Alleles:
F1 Generation:
Sample #2: In Guinea pigs Smooth fur is dominant over Cow licked fur. Suppose a heterozygous smooth male guinea pig mated with a homozygous cow licked female guinea pig.
Sample #3: In Guinea pigs Solid fur color is dominant over Calico fur color. Suppose a homozygous Solid male guinea pig mated with a Calico female guinea pig.

19. Dihybrid crosses
Sample #4: In Guinea pigs Black fur color is dominant over White fur color & Solid fur color is dominant over Calico fur color. Suppose a homozygous Solid black male guinea pig mated with a heterozygous Calico black female guinea pig. What would the offspring be like?
(P) Parent Alleles:
F1 Generation:
Sample #5: In Guinea pigs Smooth fur is dominant over Cow licked fur and Black fur color is dominant over white fur color. Suppose a heterozygous Black & Smooth haired Male mated with a White & Cow licked haired female guinea pig. What would the offspring be like?
Sample #6: In Guinea pigs Black fur color is dominant over White fur color & Solid fur color is dominant over Calico fur color. Suppose a heterozygous Solid black male guinea pig mated with a homozygous Calico black female guinea pig. What would the offspring be like?

20. DiHYbrid Crosses

21. Vocabulary/Terms List Part 2:
Mendel’s experiments with pea plants led to an understanding of how traits are controlled by genes. However, some traits are not controlled by genes with only 2 possible alleles.
There are 4 other complex patterns of inheritance: Give an explanation of each below: Include examples!!!
Incomplete dominance-
Codominance-
Multiple alleles-
Polygenic inheritance-
Define: Meiosis-
What does the chromosome theory of inheritance state?
Compare and Contrast the processes of Mitosis and Meiosis: be sure to include when/what each is used for and in what types of cells

22. Patterns of Inheritance
Blingwings
An imaginary insect called the blingwing has three alleles for wing color: R (red), B (blue), and Y (yellow).
What are the 6 possible allele pairs that can be inherited?
2. Suppose the 3 alleles are codominant, what wing color would each pair of alleles produce?

23. Nature: DNA, Genes and Chromosomes
Genes make you who you are.
This is a great opportunity to introduce or review DNA, genes and chromosomes. I have been able to introduce these three words and concepts to 5th graders as well as discuss and clear misconceptions with high school students. I use my chromosome model to cater to the students who need to see it all come together!
DNA is found in the nucleus of a cell. If we look closer, unless the DNA is undergoing replication, it will be found in its chromosomal form (grab chromosome model). Chromosomes are typically drawn like X’s because we inherit two copies of each one of our chromosomes (show two copies with the model). When we study/talk about genes, we need to first unwind the DNA molecule to locate those genes (begin by separating the homologous chromosomes from your model and unwinding the yarn from a single chromosome). Once we have located those genes, we can then study the genes and the nucleotide bases that make up that specific region of DNA.
Ask a student to help you by grabbing one end of he yarn from the model as you unwind the chromosome across the room. As the yarn unwinds, the colors will also separate into segments. Make sure you point out that each segment is a gene and that while a combination of genes is responsible for most of our traits, sometimes it takes a change in a single gene to completely change a physical trait!
For Elementary or MS students:
If your students are just learning about DNA, genes and chromosomes, I like to have them think of DNA as information in many many pages (because pages also contain letter and DNA is made up of 4 bases/letter codes). Genes would then be books (with a beginning and an end, those pages of information arranged in a specific way to tell a story, or to give a command in the case of genes) and the chromosomes would represent libraries where collections of these books (all with different stories/messages) would exist in a very orderly environment. Like with our own libraries, chromosomes also have a labeling system of its own and each gene, just like each book in our libraries, has a specific place in the chromosome it belongs to. Chromosomes exist in order to help molecules inside our cells find the genes they need in order to make more DNA or to send of messages read/made from a specific gene.

24. Genes hold the key to heredity
A gene is a short segment of DNA that contains the instructions for how to make one (or more) proteins.
Each protein carries out a specific function within our body.
MS, HS – LS3A

25. Chromosomes and Inheritance
Paired Up
Sutton studied grasshopper
cells through a microscope. He concluded that genes are carried on chromosomes.

26. Chromosomes and Inheritance
A Pair of Chromosomes
Chromosomes in a pair may have different alleles for some genes and the same alleles
for others. Is the organism homozygous or heterozygous?

27. Chromosomes and Inheritance
Meiosis
During meiosis, a cell produces sex cells with half the number of chromosomes. The correct number is restored when sperm and eggs combine!