1. The CORS method Selecting the roots of a system of polynomial equations with combinatorial optimization H. Bekker E.P. Braad B. Goldengorin University of Groningen, The Netherlands

2. Two implicit curves f1(x,y) and f2(x,y) Problem: calculate the intersections of f1(x,y) and f2(x,y)

3. Two implicit curves f1(x,y) and f2(x,y) Problem: calculate the intersections of f1(x,y) and f2(x,y)

4. Presentation outline Conventional methods What can go wrong The CORS method Results More dimensions?

5. Conventional method Eliminate x from f1(x,y) and f2(x,y) giving P(y) Solve P(y) numerically, giving the roots y1..yn Sustitute yi in f1(x,y) and f2(x,y) and solve for x Select the common root xj from these two equations The pair (xj,yi) is a solution of f1(x,y) and f2(x,y)

6. What can go wrong f1(x,yi) or f2(x,yi) may be zero for every x Numerical errors: there are no identical solutions of f1(x,yi)=0 and f2(x,yi)=0

7. Remarks The conventional approach is not symmetric: first x is eliminated, then y (or the other way around) Numerical errors: f1(xi,yj) 0, f2(xi,yj) 0 We are dealing with a matching problem: match every yi with an optimal xj

8. The CORS method Q(x)

9. The CORS method Eliminate x from f1(x,y) and f2(x,y) giving P(y) Solve P(y) numerically, giving the roots y1..yn Eliminate y from f1(x,y) and f2(x,y) giving Q(x) Solve Q(x) numerically, giving the roots x1..xn Determine the error of every pair (xi,yj): Construct a weighted bipartite graph G with n x-nodes and n y-nodes. The weight of edge (xi,yj) is Calculate the minimum weight matching of G. This gives the desired n solutions.

10. The CORS method Q(x)

11. The essence of CORS The CORS method selects n pairs (x,y) from n^2 pairs, so that every x-value and every y-value is used only once and the total error is minimized. Q(x)

12. Alternative CORS Instead of minimizing the sum of the errors it is possible to minimize the maximum error. Sort all solutions, based on n*n errors, in increasing order Replace in G the errors with 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, ….. Calculate the minimum weight matching of G. This gives the solutions with min-max error.

13. CORS was implemented in C++ CORS was tested on a computational geometry problem CORS results were compared with SYNAPS and MAPLE Results CORS allways found all solutions, SYNAPS missed 2% CORS was 30 times faster than SYNAPS

15. Can CORS be used for more than two equations and variables? Yes, but then a multidimensional matching algorithm is needed. A conventional branch and bound algorithm may be used to solve the multidimensional matching problem. Currently we are experimenting with a tolerance bases 3D weighted matching algorithm.

16. Outline for solving the 2D LAP problem using tolerances 1.Solve the relaxed LAP 2.Use tolerances to remove multiple selections in columns until all multiple selection have been removed EXAMPLE RLAP solution Modified RLAP solution 3 3 2 7 3 3 2 7 2 8 4 7 2 8 4 7 4 6 2 1 4 6 2 1 8 5 3 9 8 5 3 9 This method may be generalized to more than two dimensions

17. Conclusion Using combinatorial optimization to select the roots of a system of polynomial equations (CORS) is an efficient and robust method

18. Questions?