1. 1 Web Services – Part I CS 236607, Spring 2008/9

2. 2 What is a Web Service? Web Service: 1. "Web services are loosely coupled software components delivered over Internet standard technologies." 2. “Software that makes services available on a network using technologies such as XML and HTTP” Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA):  “Development of applications from distributed collections of smaller loosely coupled service providers” Web services support service-oriented architectures, using in particular XML and HTTP.

3. 3 What is a Web Service? (Cont.) Self-contained, modular Web application that can be published, located and invoked across the Web A Web service can perform functions of varying complexities. Once deployed, other applications (and other Web services) can discover and invoke the deployed service

4. 4 Why a New Framework? CORBA, DCOM, Java/RMI,... already exist XML+HTTP: platform neutral, widely accepted and utilized

5. Example Scenario – Online Trade Book Store The Hobbit (5) Price: 25.95 Copies in Stock: 1 The Hobbit (5) Price: 25.95 Copies in Stock: 0 Book Store The Hobbit (5) Price: 20.95 Copies in Stock: 5 Buy The Hobbit (5) How Much? 20.95 Buy it The Hobbit (5) Price: 20.95 Copies in Stock: 4 The Hobbit (5) Price: 25.95 Copies in Stock: 1 The Hobbit (5) Price: 25.95 Copies in Stock: 0

6. 6 Why is it Difficult to Use Ordinary Web Sites as Services? Consider an application that should return the price of the book “The Hobbit”  The application needs to fill the required form and launch a “browser-like” request  The application needs to parse the page, based on its specific HTML structure, and retrieve the price  Once the Web site changes its user interface, your program is useless  How can we find new online stores?

7. What is the price here? How can we find this URL?

8. 8 Calling Remote Functions Could Help It would help if we could call functions, such as:  Amazon.getPrice(“The Hobbit")  Amazon.buyBook(“The Hobbit", myId) getPrice(…) The Internet

9. 9 Difficulties in Using Remote Functions For each remote function, we need to phrase a call in the specific language that is used for its implementation For each remote function, we need to contact the provider in order to find out what exactly the signature (i.e., parameters, return value, inc. the type) is On the server side, each remote function needs to listen to a server socket bound to a specific port  Not in line with protection by firewalls

10. 10 A Solution Use an agreed interface and a syntax that all applications are familiar with (e.g., XML)  For example, SOAP Use HTTP to transfer data through port 80 Use a standard for publishing methods, their signatures and their usage  For example, WSDL Use standard directory structures for publishing available services  For example, UDDI

11. 11 Available Web Services Examples http://seekda.com/ Google search (http://www.google.com/apis) Weather reports Stock prices Currency exchanges Sending SMS messages, faxes Prices of books in Barnes and Nobles Dictionaries And more…

12. 12 Essential Technologies A range of protocols has been suggested in the last years. We will discuss what are commonly believed to be the essential technologies:  SOAP – exchanging XML messages on a network  WSDL – describing interfaces of Web services  UDDI – managing registries of Web services SERVICE REGISTRY SERVICE USER (Client) SERVICE PROVIDER publish messages find

13. 13 SOAP Used to be “Simple Object Access Protocol” but no longer an acronym...

14. 14 What is SOAP? SOAP is a protocol for invoking Web Services SOAP is XML based In SOAP, applications may exchange information over HTTP  HTTP is just one possible communication pattern supported by SOAP (e.g. SMTP)

15. 15 SOAP Envelope... Envelope Headers:  Encryption information  Access control  Routing ...

16. < soapenv:Envelope xmlns:soapenv="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"> <ns1:getRate soapenv:encodingStyle="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/encoding/" xmlns:ns1="urn:xmethods-CurrencyExchange"> Euro Israel A request to services.xmethods.net:80

17. <soap:Envelope xmlns:soap='http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/' xmlns:xsi='http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance' xmlns:xsd='http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema' xmlns:soapenc='http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/encoding/' soap:encodingStyle='http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/encoding/'> < n:getRateResponse xmlns:n='urn:xmethods-CurrencyExchange'> 5.5825 The Response

18. 18 A SOAP Message A SOAP message is an ordinary XML document containing the following elements:  Envelope – identifies the XML document as a SOAP message: required  Header – contains header information: optional  Body – contains call or response information: required  Fault – provides information about errors that occurred while processing the message: optional

19. 19 Special SOAP Header Attributes mustUnderstand And more Example:... <c:encoding env:role="http://encodings.example.org/decoder" env:mustUnderstand="true"> gzip+base64... INITIAL SENDER INTERMEDIARY ULTIMATE RECEIVER role

20. 20 SOAP Response on Error In loosely connected distributed systems many things can go wrong:  Invalid data may be transmitted  Servers may be unavailable SOAP provides a uniform way to indicate such errors.

21. 21 Faults Example <env:Envelope xmlns:env="http://www.w3.org/2003/05/soap-envelope" xmlns:w="http://www.widget.inc/shop"> env:Sender w:InvalidBuyRequest The value of 'amount' is invalid! Værdien af 'amount' er ugyldig!

22. 22 Protocol Binding Transmitting a SOAP message requires a communication protocol to carry the message. This is called SOAP protocol binding. Transmission protocols: HTTP, SMTP,... Message exchange patterns:  request–response (for RPC)  POST  SOAP response (Only the response is a SOAP message)  GET How will we know what To use?

23. 23 WSDL Web Services Description Language

24. 24 Describing a Web Service Need a standard way to describe a Web Service:  The methods available  Their parameters  How to communicate  Etc.

25. 25 Describing a Web Service – WSDL Answer WSDL is a standard for describing Web services using XML. WSDL Can Describe:  What a Web service can do  Where it resides  How to invoke it

26. Structure of a WSDL Description <description xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2004/08/wsdl" targetNamespace="..."...> <!-- XML Schema description of types being used in messages -->......... <!-- combination of an interface, a binding, and a service location -->...

27. 27 A Recipe Server with XML and HTTP Let’s think of a Recipe Server which under an Ad hoc approach, RPC-style, it would have the following functionalities:  Recipes getRecipes()  Lock lockRecipe(ID)  void writeRecipe(Lock,Recipe)  void unlockRecipe(Lock) This is how it’s WSDL would look like (The following slides)

28. Recipe Server with WSDL and SOAP (1/6) <description xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2004/08/wsdl" targetNamespace="http://www.brics.dk/ixwt/recipes/wsdl" xmlns:x="http://www.brics.dk/ixwt/recipes/wsdl"> <xs:schema xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" targetNamespace= "http://www.brics.dk/ixwt/recipes/wsdl/types" xmlns:t="http://www.brics.dk/ixwt/recipes/wsdl/types"> <xs:import namespace="http://www.brics.dk/ixwt/recipes" schemaLocation="recipes.xsd"/>

29. Recipe Server with WSDL and SOAP (2/6)

30. Recipe Server with WSDL and SOAP (3/6)

31. Recipe Server with WSDL and SOAP (4/6) <interface name="recipeserverInterface" xmlns:t="http://www.brics.dk/ixwt/recipes/wsdl/types" styleDefault="http://www.w3.org/2004/03/wsdl/style/rpc"> <operation name="getRecipesOperation" pattern="http://www.w3.org/2004/03/wsdl/in-out"> <operation name="lockRecipeOperation" pattern="http://www.w3.org/2004/03/wsdl/in-out"> <output messageLabel="Out" element="t:lockRecipeResponse"/>

32. Recipe Server with WSDL and SOAP (5/6) <operation name="writeRecipeOperation" pattern= "http://www.w3.org/2004/03/wsdl/robust-in-only"> <operation name="unlockRecipeOperation" pattern="http://www.w3.org/2004/03/wsdl/in-only">

33. Recipe Server with WSDL and SOAP (6/6) <binding name="recipeserverSOAPBinding" interface="x:recipeserverInterface" type="http://www.w3.org/2004/08/wsdl/soap12" xmlns:ws="http://www.w3.org/2004/08/wsdl/soap12" ws:protocol="http://www.w3.org/2003/05/soap/bindings/HTTP" ws:mepDefault= "http://www.w3.org/2003/05/soap/mep/request-response" xmlns:soap="http://www.w3.org/2003/05/soap-envelope"> <service name="recipeserver" interface="x:recipeserverInterface"> <endpoint name="recipeserverEndpoint" binding="x:recipeserverSOAPBinding" address= "http://www.widget.inc/personal/jdoe/recipeserver"/>

34. 34 To Put It Briefly… This particular WSDL description tells us that there is a Web service at the URI http://www.widget.inc/personal/jdoe/recipeserver http://www.widget.inc/personal/jdoe/recipeserver It understands the RPC-style operations getRecipes, lockRecipe, writeRecipe, and unlockRecipe The communication uses SOAP with the SOAP HTTP binding Certain faults may occur And input and output values are required to be valid according the given schema definitions.

35. 35 UDDI Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration

36. 36 A Telephone Book How can you find a Web service? How can you register your Web service so that others will find it? UDDI is a mechanism for registering and discovering Web services. Think of UDDI as a telephone book

37. 37 More about UDDI UDDI has grown from the equivalent of a simple yellow pages directory to a framework for brokering collaboration between Web services. For the applications we have considered so far, an external Web service would typically be discovered manually by the programmer and be hardwired into the application. This is known as static discovery. UDDI also targets dynamic discovery, where the application itself at runtime finds a required Web service selected on the basis of, for example, price, availability, or efficiency.

38. 38 More about UDDI (Cont.) UDDI has as yet few applications, compared to the more widespread use of SOAP and WSDL, and most available case studies only consider static discovery.

39. 39 Summary SOAP – A protocol for exchanging XML messages on a network (focusing on HTTP) WSDL – A language for describing Web services interfaces. UDDI – A system for managing registries of Web services

40. 40 Resources An Introduction to XML and Web Technologies / Anders Møller and Michael I. Schwartzbach – course literature An Introduction to XML and Web Technologies / Anders Møller and Michael I. Schwartzbach W3C’s SOAP Specifications W3C’s WSDL Specifications UDDI The Web Service Interoperability Organization The Web Service Interoperability Organization HU