1. Application of SOLAS V/15 IACS Unified Interpretation UI 181 – BDEAP

2. Application of SOLAS V/15 BDEAP Bridge Design, Equipment Arrangement and Procedures

3. IACS U I 181 - BDEAP The content of Regulation 15 The purpose of IACS BDEAP The role of the human element – The bridge system – Bridge system failures The approach and structure of BDEAP Rules – Requirements – Guidance notes – Notes – Documentation – Tests and trials Appendices Regulation 15 - Improving Safety of Navigation

4. SOLAS V - Regulation 15 Decisions which are made for the purpose of applying the requirements of regulations 19, 22, 24, 25, 27 and 28 which affect – bridge design – design and arrangement of navigational systems and equipment on the bridge and – bridge procedures shall be taken with the aim of:

5. Aims of regulation 15 1. facilitating the tasks to be performed by the bridge team in navigating the ship safely 2. promoting safe bridge resource management 3. enabling the bridge team to have access to essential information 4. indicating the operational status of automated functions 5. allowing for effective decision making by the bridge team 6. preventing excessive work 7. minimizing the risk of human error

6. IACS U I - 181 is developed to serve as a common reference document for the interpretation and implementation of SOLAS V/15 for the benefit of: Maritime administrations and Classification societies - ensuring a complete and unified approval Ship owners, Shipyards and Designers - giving guidance and predictable approval procedures Navigators - providing workplaces meeting user requirements Safety of navigation – reducing the risk of human errors

7. The Human Element An integral part of the total bridge system

8. The Bridge System comprises 4 vital elements:  The Mariner  The Technical system  The Man-machine system  Operational procedures

9. The navigation bridge system The Mariner With the ability to evaluate, decide and execute the decisions taken for safe performance of bridge functions

10. The navigation bridge system The Mariner The Technical System Designed to provide sufficient information and the controls needed for safe operation of the functions dedicated the bridge system

11. The navigation bridge system The Mariner The Technical System The Man-machine System Ensuring that the operational part of the technical system is designed with due regard to human mental and physical capability

12. The navigation bridge system The Mariner The Technical System The Man-machine System Operational procedures Established to ensure that the total bridge system performs efficiently within safety limits under all operating conditions

13. Bridge system failure Human errors Related to: Qualifications Quality Selection of personnel Situation caused errors Related to: Poor workplace design Lack of human engineering Intricate procedures required to compensate for poor technical solutions

14. Bridge system failure The Mariner The Technical System Operational procedures The Man-machine System

15. Human error in bridge operations Operator responsibility? “80 % of all accidents are caused by Human-Errors” 80 % of all accidents are caused by failure in the bridge system

16. IMO instruments Safety of bridge operations SOLAS V – Regulation 15

17. SOLAS V, Safety of Navigation, Regulation 15 Principles relating to: Bridge design Design and arrangement of navigational systems and equipment Bridge procedures

18. BDEAP – Approach (part of table) Which aim is applicable for which regulation, affecting which area of concern?? What are the matching IMO guidelines ? (and relevant regulations)

19. BDEAP – Content overview IMO Resolutions and Circulars Performance Standards IMO MSC/Circ982 Regulations 19, 22, 24, 25, 27, 28 7 Aims SOLAS V Regulation 15 D. Bridge procedures A. Scope and structure Documentation B. Bridge design C. Design and arrangement of navigational systems and equipment OPERATIONALCONDITIONSOPERATIONALCONDITIONS STCW ISM

20. BDEAP - Content B. Bridge design B1 Functions, tasks and means B2 Range of workstations B3 Working environment B4 Bridge passageways B5 Workstation arrangement and fields of vision B6 Bridge visibility and window arrangement B7 Workstation layout, consoles and chair arrangement C. Design and arrangement of navigational systems and equipment C1 Design and quality of systems and equipment C2 Bridge alarm management C3 Equipment arrangement D. Bridge procedures D1 Bridge team management D2 Procedures related to Regulations 24, 25, 27, 28

21. IACS U I - 181 A 2.1.1 Requirements The requirements are made for the purpose of ensuring that application of requirements of regulations 19, 22, 24, 25, 27 and 28, which affect bridge design, the design and arrangement of navigational systems and equipment on the bridge and bridge procedures, meet the relevant aims specified in SOLAS V/15 The requirements cover applicable parts of MSC/Circ.982 and relevant IMO resolutions

22. IACS U I - 181 A 2.1.2 Guidance note Give guidance as to how the requirements may be met by acceptable technical solutions or other remedies when applicable. A guidance note given does not in any way exclude alternative solutions that may fulfill the purpose and intention of the requirement providing other requirements and the overall bridge functionality are not adversely affected.

23. IACS U I - 181 Notes. Notes are used to give useful information which does not necessarily affect the approval in relation to regulation 15, but may affect the choice of compliant solutions when relevant.

24. IACS U I - 181 There are two appendices attached to the BDEAP standard: Appendix 1 contains three individual annexes for clarification and consideration of: – the aims of regulation 15 – the documents referred to by regulation 15 and the regulations to be applied, cross referencing the individual aims of regulation 15 and the regulations affected. – the effect of MSC/Circ.982 on the requirements of regulation 22 “Bridge navigation visibility”

25. IACS U I - 181 Appendix 2 contains examples of location of main equipment on the bridge – Focusing on principles for location of equipment for allowing a long centre console to separate the front workstations

26. IACS U I – 181 Appendix 1, Annex 1 Clarifying the aims of regulation 15 Example: AIM 15.4 Indicating the operational status (4) of automated functions (1) and integrated components (2), systems and/or sub-systems (3).1 Relevant automated functions – Steering a set course – Plotting of ship’s position in an electronic chart system.2 Relevant integrated components – Heading control unit – Electronic chart display and information system (ECDIS).3 Relevant sub-systems:  Track control system  Integrated navigation systems (INS), including  Grounding avoidance system for automatic route-keeping

27. IACS U I – 181 Appendix 1, Annex 2 Identifies the scope, purpose and main requirements of guidelines and standards referred to and regulations addressed by Regulation 15, which include: – MSC/Circ. 982 – IBS – INS – Regulation 19 – Regulation 22 – Regulation 24 – Regulation 25 – Regulation 27 – Regulation 28

28. IACS U I – 181 Appendix 1, Annex 3 ”Harmonizing” Regulation 22 and applicable guidelines in MSC/Circ 982 The main (only) difference is: – Specified fields of vision related to the ”conning position” in Regulation 22 are related to the workstation for navigating and manoeuvring in the Circular The BDEAP harmonizes the regulation and the guidelines by specifying that workstations providing the fields of vision required for safe conning may be used as an alternative conning positions when there is a need for additional information from equipment installed at such workstation.

29. Safety of Navigation Implementation of SOLAS V/15 Improving the working conditions Reducing operational failures

30. Field of vision - conning position 225° Horizontal field of vision from the conning positions close to the front windows and at the front workstations 500 m/2 ship’s length vertical field of vision forward of the bow Man Standing when working in paper charts Nav/Man/ConnMon/Conn/Nav Steer Route planning Safety - GMDSS Docking Conn

31. Bridge design – Fields of vision

32. Field of vision - Blind sectors Frames between windows Dimensions Location of front bulkhead window frames in line of sight from working position

33. Workstations – Fields of vision

34. Open bridge wings – passage way door to door Steer Route planning Safety – GMDSS DockDocki ng Nav/Man/Conn Conn. Man. Conn/Nav backup Documentation – general principles Drawings are to be submitted showing that the workstation arrangement and equipment location are complied with on all type of bridges that are to be operated in accordance with general operating procedures. If bridge arrangement principles deviate, information on bridge functions, operating procedures including bridge resource mangement is to be submitted together with relevant drawings submitted for approval

35. Example: Workstation arrangement

36. Enclosed bridges M/T Stolt Concept - Norwegian coastal express

37. Bridge resource management Nav/TrafficConn/Nav/backup Steering Route planningSafety - GMDSS Docking Man Design principles - Location of workstations Enabling efficient bridge team management during different operating conditions W 1 W 3 W 4 W 5W 6 - W 7 ( W 2) Conning W 8 Co-operation - Ship control - Safety operations Principles Workstations for performance of dedicated functions adequate information and equipment available Workstation arrangement interrelationship for effecient co-operation Workstations manned with qualified personnel Basic procedures are implicit and governed by the manning of WS

38. Bridge resource management Examples of workstations in use during different operational conditions Operational conditions Waters Ocean areas Coastal water Narrow waters Pilot watersHarbours GeneralConfined Normal W1W1 + W2W1+W2*W1+(W3)+W8W1+W3+W4 Irregular W1+W2W1+W2+W3W1+W2*+W3W1+W2+W3+W8W1+W3+W4 Abnormal W1+W2+W3W1+W2+W3+ W8 W1+W2+W3+ W8 W1+W2+W3+ W8 W1+W2+W3+ W4 Emergency W1+(W3)+W6 +W7 W1+(W3)+W6 +W7 W1+(W3)+W8 +W6+W7 W1+(W3)+W8 +W6+W7 W1+(W3)+W4 +W6+W7 Procedures for performance of bridge functions are governed by: operational conditions workstations in use

39. Example: Workstation arrangement

40. Bridge design

41. Example: Bridge arrangement

42. Navigation & monitoring

43. Safety operations & communicaation

44. Example: Bridge wing Docking station

45. IACS U I - 181 Serving Maritime administrations and Classification societies by ensuring a complete and unified approval – of bridge design, design and arrangement of navigational systems and procedures – in compliance with regulation 15 – for application of regulations 19, 22, 24, 25, 27 and 28 at the time of the delivery of the newbuilding

46. IACS U I - 181 Serving Ship owners, Shipyards and Designers By ensuring A unified and predictable approval procedure Guidance for: – bridge design – workstation arrangement – location of equipment – alarm management

47. IACS U I - 181 Serving Navigators By assisting IMO and National administrations in providing the users with a bridge system – designed to achieve optimum safety and efficiency in bridge operation in accordance with the aims of IMO Providing the users with workstations designed, equipped and arranged to meet the needs of – the watch officer – the pilot – bridge teams of different manning when operating under different operational conditions

48. Distribution of casualties According to statistics on lives lost, structural damage, oil spills, claims paid Approx. 50 % of all ship casualties are caused by bridge system failures Classification statistics show a significant reduction in the rate of casualties for ships with ”Regulation 15 compliant bridge systems” Safety of navigation

49. Collision 28 % Grounding 26 % Misc 9 % Hull & Machinery 28 % Distribution of casualty types Cause# Collision41 Grounding39 Bridge system80 Hull & Machinery41 Fire/Explosion14 Misc14 Total149 Fire/ Explosion Numbers from INTERTANKO, Year 2002

50. Casualties - Distribution of Claims paid Claims typeNumber of claims Cost (USD)Average cost (USD) Auxiliary engine 7715 668 478203 487 Boilers32 6 252 502195 391 Collision10972 951 014669 275 Contact11131 753 155286 064 Grounding9785 939 569885 975 Heavy weather3512 103 585345 817 Bridge system352202 747 423575 987 Ice61 423 129237 188 Steering gear337 931 401240 345 Main engine16949 638 932293 721 Fire/Explosion2948 103 8101 658 752 Other8327 296 297328 871 Total:781359 061 872459 746 Numbers from Swedish Club, Hull & Machinery claims, Period 1994-1999

51. IACS U I – 181 BDEAP Review of BDEAP at IMO At MSC 78, May 2004 and NAV 50, July 2004: Amended as required for clarifiaction purposes in cooperation with the Korean delegation, including representatives for Korean shipbuilders At NAV 50: Rewieved in cooperation with the German delegation ensuring that applicable parts of MSC/Circ.982 are fully covered

52. IACS U I - 181 The UI is to be uniformly applied by IACS Members and Associates to ships contracted for construction on or after 1 January 2006

53. Thank you!