1. Laboratorium Sistem Informasi
Pemodelan Enterprise
Kridanto Surendro
Laboratorium Sistem Informasi
STEI - ITB

2. Tujuan
Transformasi Enterprise berbasis TI
Model Bisnis
Model Proses

3. Buku Bridgeland, DM & Zahavi. R., Business Modeling, Elsevier, 2009.
Lankhorst, M., Enterprise Architecture at Work, Springer, 2005
Holt, J., & Perry, S., Modeling Enterprise Architecture, IET, 2010
BPM CBOK Ver. 2.0

4. Transformasi ?

5. Typical way to go to production
Applications Design & Development
Implementation

6. SDLC ?

7. Transformasi ?
as is
to be

8. Enterprise Architecture Management Implementation
Business Architecture
Models & Frameworks for Business Designs
Software Components and Runtime Applications
Repository of IT Assets for Baseline Management
Meeting Business Requirements
IT Architecture
Strategic
Modeling
Operational
Tactical and Financial Modeling

9. Models and Frameworks Implementation
Enterprise Strategy
Business
Strategy
Enterprise
Blueprints
Enterprise Architecture
Enterprise Management
and
Continuous
Improvement
Technology
Strategy
Strategic
Enterprise Plans
Change
Management
Strategy
Enterprise Execution
Action
Projects and Operations

10. Enterprise

11. Enterprise Architecture

12. Enterprise Architecture
Business architecture: Major business activities, functions, and their supporting processes. It further translates the business processes into enterprise business requirements that can be organized into functional groupings. These requirements are supported by information flows and package and custom applications.
Information architecture: Information flows, data entity relationships, and enabling tools that are dictated by the business processes and activities from the business architecture.
Application architecture: Software programs that automate and support business processes; the functions of the applications; articulates the platform where the applications reside; details the set of applications that will support the business in the future; and displays the linkages between both internal applications and the company’s applications and those of its vendors, suppliers, and customers.
Technical architecture: The computing infrastructure (i.e., systems software, hardware, network) that supports the information and application architectures.

13. Software Modeling & Business Modeling

14. Business Modeling
A business model is a simple representation of the complex reality of a business.
The primary purpose of a business model is to communicate something about the business to other people: employees, customers, partners, or suppliers.

15. Business Modeling Business Motivation Models
Business Organizations Models
Business Process Models
Business Rule Models

16. Soft Systems Methodology
systems thinking systems
thinking systems thinking

17. systems theory - systems analysis - management -engineering
a well-developed body of theoretical ideas - with many applications:
- systems analysis
- management
-engineering

18. hard systems thinking
hard systems approaches (systems analysis (structured methods), systems engineering, operations research) assume:
objective reality of systems in the world
well-defined problem to be solved
technical factors foremost
scientific approach to problem-solving
one correct solution

19. soft systems thinking
soft systems approaches (Soft Systems Methodology, soft OR) assume:
organisational problems are ‘messy’ (Ackoff), poorly defined
stakeholders interpret problems differently (no objective reality)
human factors important
creative, intuitive approach to problem-solving
outcomes are learning, better understanding, rather than a ‘solution’

20. methodology
in SSADM - rigid techniques and procedures to provide unambiguous solutions to well-defined data and processing problems problems, focused on computer implementations
in SSM - a loose framework of tools to be used at the discretion of the analyst, focused on improvements to organisational problems

21. Basic Shape of SSM

22. Basic Shape of SSM
The world interpreted by ideas whose source is the world itself

23. Basic Shape of SSM
The world interpreted by ideas whose source is the world itself
(expanded)

24. Basic Shape of SSM
The shift in systemicity between systems engineering and SSM

25. Basic Shape of SSM
Purposeful Holons: Human Activity Systems

26. SSM - logic stream - cultural stream
source: Checkland, SSM in Action

27. SSM – overview (seven stage model)
situation
considered
problematic
problem
expressed
real world
systems thinking
about real world
conceptual models
of systems described
in root definitions 4
comparison of
models and
real world
changes:
systemically desirable,
culturally feasible
action to
improve the
problem situation 3
root definition
of relevant systems 2 1
source: Checkland: Systems Thinking, Systems Practice

28. soft problems perceived discomfort poorly defined ‘mess’ (Ackoff)
human complications
unsuited to hard systems or OR techniques

29. rich pictures observation boundary idea!
coffeetime yet?
boundary
idea!
crossed swords
=friction
iconic representations - drawn together into a picture which sums up the important elements of the problem situation

30. rich picture - example

31. deriving relevant systems
relevant systems are conceptual (in-the-mind) models of parts of the problem that are of interest
they are models which follow systems principles to help structure the analyst’s impression of the problem - not definitive descriptions of systems in the real world
problems can be represented as they are perceived by different stakeholders

32. root definitions they follow the form:
short textual statements which define the important elements of the relevant system being modelled - rather like mission statements
they follow the form:
a system to do X by (means of) Y in order to Z
what the system does - X
how it does it - Y
why it’s being done - Z

33. root definition examples
primary task (relating to basic tasks and structures)
A university owned and operated system to award degrees and diplomas to suitably qualified candidates (X), by means of suitable assessment (Y), (in conformance with national standards), in order to demonstrate the capabilities of candidates to potential employers (Z).
issue based (relating to temporary or qualitative concerns, or concerns of judgment)
A university owned and operated system to implement a quality service (X), by devising and operating procedures to delight its customers and control its suppliers (Y), in order to improve its educational products (Z).

34. CATWOE analysis a check to ensure that root definitions contain most of what is important
Customers the victims or beneficiaries of T
Actors those who do T
Transformation input output
Weltanschauung the worldview that makes the T meaningful in context
Owners those with the power to stop T
Environmental elements outside the system which
constraints are taken as given, but nevertheless
affect its behaviour

35. The idea of 'transformation process'

36. example CATWOE E national educational and assessment standards
C candidate students
A university staff
T candidate students
degree holders and diplomates
W the belief that awarding degrees and diplomas is a good way of demonstrating the qualities of candidates to potential employers
O the University governing body
E national educational and assessment standards

37. A root definition, CATWOE and pictorial representation of a fence-painting system

38. A first model from the root definition
A root definition, CATWOE and pictorial representation of a fence-painting system
A first model from the root definition

39. A Final model from the root definition
A root definition, CATWOE and pictorial representation of a fence-painting system
A Final model from the root definition

40. activity (conceptual) models
representation of the minimum set of activities necessary to ‘do’ the root definition
activities modelled by verbs

41. activity models - symbols
verb + noun
phrase
activity - ‘do something’ A
logical dependency arrow - activity A must come before B, or if activity A is done badly - so will B B
boundary
example use

42. activity model - example
A university owned and operated system to award degrees and diplomas to suitably qualified candidates (X), by means of suitable assessment (Y), (in conformance with national standards), in order to demonstrate the capabilities of candidates to potential employers (Z).

43. measures of performance
E1 - efficacy (does the system work, is the transformation effected)?
E2 - efficiency (the relationship between the output achieved and the resources consumed to achieve it)
E3 - effectiveness (is the longer term goal (Z) achieved)

44. measures of performance - example
E1 (efficacy) - are degrees and diplomas awarded?
E2 (efficiency) - how many degrees and diplomas, of what standard, are awarded for the resource consumed?
E3 (effectiveness) - do employers find the degrees and diplomas a useful way of assessing the qualities of potential employees?

45. the complete conceptual model
root definition
CATWOE
activity model
measures of performance

46. the complete model - example
enroll students
design
education
programmes
appreciate
national
standards
educate
students
allot
resources
and carry out
assessment
award
degrees + diplomas
to students reaching
acceptable levels
monitor for
E1, E2, E3
take control
action
E1 (efficacy) - are degrees and diplomas awarded?
E2 (efficiency) - how many degrees and diplomas, of what standard, are awarded for the resource consumed?
E3 (effectiveness) - do employers find the degrees and diplomas a useful way of assessing the qualities of potential employees?

47. levels of resolution
each activity may be modelled at a higher level of resolution - in other words a new root definition is prepared specific to that activity and a conceptual model built which further defines the set of (more detailed) activities necessary to accomplish it.
in this way complex situations with many activities can be modelled without loosing a sense of the overall shape of the problem

48. comparison with the real world
activity
is it done in the real situation?
how is it done?
comments,
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