1. A2 Economics revision presentation on the theory and practice of the UK National Minimum Wage National Minimum Wage

2. Some historical background 1909: minimum wages first introduced, covering the “sweated trades” (via Wages Boards/Councils). 1986 – 1993: decline and abolition of Wages Councils (covered 10% of workers at abolition). 1993 – 1999: no minimum wage except in agriculture. 1999: introduction of National Minimum Wage (NMW). Monitored by Low Pay Commission (made up of employer reps, trade union reps and independents).

3. The changing NMW in the UK YearAdult NMW rate £ per hour Rate as % of median wage 19993.6045.6 20003.7045.3 20014.1048.0 20024.2047.2 20034.5048.6 20044.8550.5 20055.0550.5

4. Setting a pay floor What is the economic case for a minimum wage? Has the minimum wage in the UK proved to be a success?

5. Changes since 1999 Adult Hourly NMW rate Median Hourly earnings Average Earnings index Consumer price index 1999- 2005 40.3%26.6%27.8%8.5% Average annual rise 5.8%3.8%4.2%1.4%

6. What is a National Minimum Wage? NMW is a statutory “pay floor” Tips can be included in minimum wage calculations if they are paid through the PAYE system and appear on salary slips NMW needs to be set above the normal free market wage to have an direct effect on the labour market Employers are not allowed to “undercut” the NMW Employers are prosecuted if they do not pay the NMW Most other countries have something similar No commitment to an annual up-rating in line with prices or earnings

7. Who have been the main beneficiaries? According to the Low Pay Commission: Main occupations affected: Hospitality, retail, cleaning, hairdressing, health and social work sectors Three-quarters (77%) of NMW workers are women Half (49%) are part-time workers More than two-fifths (43%) of NMW workers are both female and part-time. Disproportionately young workers (24% are under 25 years of age) NMW has helped to narrow (slightly) the gender wage gap at the bottom of earnings distribution

8. Aims/Advantages of a Minimum Wage (1) Reduce exploitation of lower paid workers (e.g. where there is little or no trade union protection) (2) Reduce the scale of relative poverty & inequality by boosting incomes of low income households (3) Reverse the effects of employer discrimination (e.g. help to close the gender pay gap) (4) Improve incentives for people to find work and reduce benefit dependency by raising the “return to working” (5) Expand the aggregate labour supply – this helps to boost economic growth in the long term (outward shift of PPF) (6) The NMW should reduce the need for low paid workers to claim “top-up state benefits” such as income support and council tax benefit (7) A NMW might reduce rates of labour turnover in many jobs

9. The Low Pay Unit’s View The Low Pay Unit has always argued that advanced industrial societies like Britain have a duty to ensure that all their people have the right to a just and favourable remuneration for the work they do Markets can respond to any number of different influences and stimuli, but they never respond to genuine need. Therefore, the only equitable mechanism for ensuring minimum standards in the labour market is a statutory national minimum wage

10. A Pay Floor That Has No Effect Employment Wage Rate £ per hour Labour Demand Labour Supply Free Market Wage E1 NMW Introducing a minimum wage at a rate below the free market equilibrium will have no effect on the labour market

11. A Pay Floor Above the Free Market Equilibrium Employment Wage Rate £ per hour Labour Demand Labour Supply Free Market Wage E1 NMW

12. A Pay Floor Above the Free Market Equilibrium Employment Wage Rate £ per hour Labour Demand Labour Supply Free Market Wage E1 NMW

13. A Pay Floor Above the Free Market Equilibrium Employment Wage Rate £ per hour Excess Supply Labour Demand Labour Supply Free Market Wage E1 NMW E2

14. A Pay Floor Above the Free Market Equilibrium Employment Wage Rate £ per hour Excess Supply Labour Demand Labour Supply Free Market Wage E1 NMW E2 A minimum wage set above the free market wage may have the effect of creating an excess supply of labour at the ruling pay floor

15. The Importance of Elasticity of Demand for Labour Employment Wage Rate £ per hour Labour Demand Labour Supply Free Market Wage E1 NMW

16. The Importance of Elasticity of Demand for Labour Employment Wage Rate £ per hour Labour Demand Labour Supply Free Market Wage E1 NMW E2

17. The Importance of Elasticity of Demand for Labour Employment Wage Rate £ per hour Labour Demand Labour Supply Free Market Wage E1 NMW E2 When labour demand is inelastic, the employment effects of a NMW are less pronounced – perhaps because businesses feel able to pass on the higher costs to final consumers

18. Impact When Labour Demand is Elastic Employment Wage Rate £ per hour Labour Demand Labour Supply Free Market Wage E1 NMW

19. Impact When Labour Demand is Elastic Employment Wage Rate £ per hour Labour Demand Labour Supply Free Market Wage E1 NMW E2

20. Impact When Labour Demand is Elastic Employment Wage Rate £ per hour Labour Demand Labour Supply Free Market Wage E1 NMW E2 When labour demand is elastic, a rise in the NMW may cause a sharp contraction in labour demand (cet par)

21. A Rise in Labour Productivity or Higher Demand Employment Wage Rate £ per hour LD1 Labour Supply Free Market Wage E1 NMW

22. Employment Wage Rate £ per hour LD1 Labour Supply Free Market Wage E1 NMW LD2 A Rise in Labour Productivity or Higher Demand

23. Employment Wage Rate £ per hour LD1 Labour Supply Free Market Wage E1 NMW E2 LD2

24. A Rise in Labour Productivity or Higher Demand If workers become more productive, then the unit cost of what they produce at a given wage rate will go down. This may cause an outward shift in labour demand – and possible a higher level of employment despite the NMW Employment Wage Rate £ per hour LD1 Labour Supply Free Market Wage E1 NMW E2 LD2

25. Disadvantages of a National Minimum Wage (1) Fall in employment due to higher wage costs (2) Danger of “pay-leapfrogging” as workers seek to maintain existing wage differentials (3) Risk of higher wage inflation (higher interest rates?) (4) Damages competitiveness of some firms (5) The NMW is not the most effective way to reduce relative poverty (6) Free-market economists believe that a NMW creates artificial distortions in the way the labour market works – let wages find their own level – a source of government failure?

26. Evaluation: Alternatives to the National Minimum Wage Low wage subsidies Tax breaks for low-income families –(i) earned income tax credit –(ii) provides an incentive to seek and then hold a job Improve education (e.g. secondary schooling)

27. People on wages close to the NMW

28. Financial Times on the Minimum Wage “Statutory minimum wages should be safety nets, not incomes policies. They can tidy up the low-wage end of the labour market by stopping monopsonistic employers - those with buying power - using their control over workers to hold down pay. They cannot and should not be used to engineer substantial redistributions of income. That way higher unemployment lies. The rises so far, which have taken the adult minimum rate from £3.60 to £4.85, have had little apparent effect on employment - not least because, thanks to inadequate wage data, initial rates turned out to cover far fewer workers than expected. But the era of repeated large increases in the minimum is likely to be drawing to an end."

29. Further recent evidence Many companies set their own minimum wages higher than the national rate, according to the Labour Market Trends survey Employers tend to pay at least £5.50 or £6 an hour rather than the national minimum wage (NMW) of £5.05 per hour for workers over the age of 22, the research revealed. The higher rates indicate that companies would rather set their own rates of pay at round numbers and absorb the extra labour costs The NMW is due to rise to £5.35 an hour (for employees over the age of 22) in October 2006 and to £4.45 an hour (up from £4.25) for 18-21 year olds.

30. Low Pay Estimates from the Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings show that the number of jobs paid below the national minimum wage in the UK was 327,000 in Spring 2005, amounting to 1.3 per cent of all jobs in the labour market.