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Bebop: A Symbolic Model Checker for Boolean Programs Thomas Ball Sriram K. Rajamani http://research.microsoft.com/slam/
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Outline Boolean Programs and Bebop What? Why? Results Demo Semantics of Boolean Programs Technical details of algorithm Evaluation Related Work
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Boolean Programs: What Model for representing abstractions of imperative programs in C, C#, Java, etc. Features: Boolean variables Control-flow: sequencing, conditionals, looping, GOTOs Procedures Call-by-value parameter passing recursion Control non-determinism
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Boolean programsBoolean programs: Why bool x,y; [1] while (true) { [2] if(x == y) { [3]y = !x; } else{ [4]x = !x; [5]y = !y; } [6]if (?) break; } [7] if(x == y) [8]assert (false); Representation of program abstractions, a la Cousots Each boolean variable represents a predicate: (i < j) (*p==i) && ( (int) p == j) (p T), where T is recursive data type [Graf-Saidi]
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Bebop - Results Reachability in boolean programs reduced to context-free language reachability Symbolic interprocedural dataflow analysis Adaptation of [Reps-Horwitz-Sagiv, POPL’95] algorithm Complexity of algorithm is O(E 2 n ) E = size of interprocedural control flow graph n = max. number of variables in the scope of any label
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Bebop - Results Admits control flow + variables Existing pushdown model checkers don’t use variables (encode variable values explicitly in state) [Esparaza, et al.] Analyzes procedures separately exploits procedural abstraction + locality of variable scopes Uses hybrid representation Explicit representation of control flow graph, as in a compiler Implicit representation of reachable states via BDDs Generates hierarchical trace
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Bebop Demo!
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Outline Boolean Programs and Bebop Semantics of Boolean Programs “stackless” semantics using context-free grammar Technical details of algorithm Evaluation Related Work
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Stackless Semantics State = p = program counter = valuation to variables in scope at p No stack! (B): finite alphabet over boolean program B Call (with return to p), a valuation to Locals(p) Return to p, a valuation to Locals(p)
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State transition - -> = (x) = (x), x in Locals(c) = ’(x) = (x), x in Locals(c) ’(g) = (g), g a global
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Trace Semantics Context-free grammar L(B) constrains allowable traces M -> M M -> M M M -> 0 - 1 -> 1 - 2 -> … m-1 - m -> m is a trajectory of B iff i - i+1 -> i+1 is a state transition, for all i 1 2 … m L(B)
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Outline Boolean Programs and Bebop Semantics of Boolean Programs Technical details of reachability algorithm Binary Decision Diagrams (BDDs) Path edges Summary edges Example Preliminary Evaluation SLAM Project
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Binary Decision Diagrams Acyclic graph data structure for representing a boolean function (equivalently, a set of bit vectors) F(x,y,z) = (x=y) x y z 11 z 00 y z 00 z 11
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Hash Consing + Variable Elimination x yy z 0 z 1 x yy 0 1 x y z 11 z 00 y z 00 z 11
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Path Edges PE(p), iff Exists initialized trajectory ending in, where e = entry(Proc(p)) Exists trajectory from to PE(p) is a set of pairs of valuations to boolean variables in scope in Proc(p) Can be represented with a BDD!
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Representing Path Edges with BDDs Example PE(p) for boolean variables x,y and z: PE(p) = F(x,y,z,x’,y’,z’) = (x’=x)^(y’=y)^(z’=x^y) BDDs also used to represent transfer functions for statements Transfer(z := x^y) = F(x,y,z,x’,y’,z’) = (x’=x)^(y’=y)^(z’=x^y)
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decl g; void main() begin decl h; h := !g; A(g,h); skip; A(g,h); skip; if (g) then R: skip; fi end void A(a1,a2) begin if (a1) then A(a2,a1); skip; else g := a2; fi end 1 g'=0^h'=1 |g'=1^h'=0 g=g’=0^a1=a1’=0^a2=a2’=1 | g=g’=1^a1=a1’=1^a2=a2’=0 g=g’=0^a1=a1’=0^a2=a2’=1g=0^g’=1^a1=a1’=0^a2=a2’=1 Join(S,T) = { | S, T }
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Summary Edges = Lift(, Pr) 1 (x) = 2 (x), x in Locals(c) Locals don’t change 1 (g) = d (g) and r (g) = 2 (g), g global Propagation of global state c: Pr() d: Proc Pr() e r <d,r><d,r> <1,2><1,2>
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decl g; void main() begin decl h; h := !g; A(g,h); skip; A(g,h); skip; if (g) then R: skip; fi end void A(a1,a2) begin if (a1) then A(a2,a1); skip; else g := a2; fi end g=0^g’=1^a1=a1’=0^a2=a2’=1 g=0^g’=1^a1=a1’=1^a2=a2’=0g=0^g’=1^h=h’=1
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decl g; void main() begin decl h; h := !g; A(g,h); skip; A(g,h); skip; if (g) then R: skip; fi end void A(a1,a2) begin if (a1) then A(a2,a1); skip; else g := a2; fi end 1 g'=0^h'=1 |g'=1^h'=0 g=0^g’=1^h=h’=1 g’=h’=1 g=g’=a1=a1’=a2=a2’=1
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decl g; void main() begin decl h; h := !g; A(g,h); skip; A(g,h); skip; if (g) then R: skip; fi end void A(a1,a2) begin if (a1) then A(a2,a1); skip; else g := a2; fi end 1 g'=0^h'=1 |g'=1^h'=0 g=g’=0^a1=a1’=0^a2=a2’=1 | g=g’=1^a1=a1’=1^a2=a2’=0 g=g’=1^a1=a1’=1^a2=a2’=0 g=g’=0^a1=a1’=0^a2=a2’=1 | g=g’=1^a1=a1’=1^a2=a2’=0 |a1=a1’=0^a2=a2’=1 g=g’=1^a1=a1’=0^a2=a2’=1
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decl g; void main() begin decl h; h := !g; A(g,h); skip; A(g,h); skip; if (g) then R: skip; fi end void A(a1,a2) begin if (a1) then A(a2,a1); skip; else g := a2; fi end g'=0^h'=1 |g'=1^h'=0 g=g’=1^a1=a1’=0^a2=a2’=1g=g’=1^a1=a1’=1^a2=a2’=0g=g’=1^h=h’=0 g'=1^h'=0 g=g’=1^a1=a1’=1^a2=a2’=0
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Worklist Algorithm while PE(v) has changed, for some v Determine if any new path edges can be generated New path edge comes from Existing path edge + transfer function Existing path edge + summary edge (transfer function for procedure calls) New summary edges generated from path edges that reach exit vertex
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Generating Error Traces Partition reachable states into “rings” A ring R at stmt S is numbered N iff there is a shortest trace of length N to S ending in a state in R Hierarchical generation of error trace Skip over or descend into called procedures
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Outline Boolean Programs and Bebop Semantics of Boolean Programs Technical details of algorithm Preliminary Evaluation Linear behavior if # vars in scope remains constant Self application of Bebop Related Work
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decl g; void main() begin level1(); if(!g) then reach: skip; else skip; fi end void level () begin decl a,b,c; if (g) then while(!a|!b|!c) do if (!a) then a := 1; elsif (!b) then a,b := 0,1; elsif (!c) then a,b,c := 0,0,1; else skip; fi od else ; fi g := !g; end
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Application: Analysis Validation Live variable analysis (LVA) A variable x is live at s if there is a path from s to a use of x (with no intervening def of x) Used to optimize bebop Quantify out variables as soon as they become dead How to check correctness of LVA? Analysis validation Create a boolean program to check results of LVA Model check boolean program (w/out LVA)
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Analysis Validation Output of LVA: { (s,x) | x is dead at s } Boolean program Two variables per original program var x: x_dead (initially 0) x_defined (initially 0) For each fact (s,x): x_dead, x_defined := 1, 0; For each def of x: x_defined := 1; For each use of x if (x_dead && !x_defined) LVAError(); Query: is LVAError reachable?
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Results Found subtle error in implementation of LVA Was able to show colleague that there was another error, in his code Analysis validation now part of regression test suite
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Related Work Pushdown Automata (PDA) decidability results [Hopcroft-Ullman] Model checking PDAs [Bouajjani-Esparza-Maler] [Esparza-Hansel-Rossmanith-Schwoon] Model checking Hierarchical State Machines [Alur, Grosu] Interprocedural dataflow analysis [Sharir-Pnueli] [Steffen] [Knoop-Steffen] [Reps-Horwitz-Sagiv]
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Related Work Reps-Horwitz-Sagiv (RHS) algorithm Handles IFDS problems Interprocedural Finite domain D Distributive dataflow functions (MOP=MFP) Subsets of D Dataflow as CFL reachability over “exploded graph” Our results RHS algorithm can be reformulated as a traditional dataflow algorithm over original control-flow graph with same time/space complexity Reformulated algorithm is easily lifted to powersets of D using BDDs Arbitrary dataflow functions Path-sensitive
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Summary Bebop: a model checker for boolean programs Based on interprocedural dataflow analysis using BDDs Exploits procedural abstraction Admits many traditional compiler optimizations Hierarchical trace generation + DHTML user interface Release at end of year SLAM project Iteratively refine boolean program models of C programs Use path simulation to discover relevant predicates (simcl) Automated predicate abstraction (c2bp)
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Software Productivity Tools Microsoft Research http://research.microsoft.com/slam/
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