1. LDH converts pyruvate to lactate, restoring the pool of NAD+
pg 547

2. What about when pyruvate leaves the cytoplasm…?
pg 547

4. Glycerol 3-P shuttle
fig19-30

5. Malate-aspartate shuttle
fig19-29

6. Malate-aspartate shuttle

7. Malate-aspartate shuttle viewed as e- carrying process
NAD+
NAD+
NADH
NADH
OAA
OAA

8. Malate-aspartate shuttle viewed as e- carrying process
with set of transaminations between OAA/Asp, and aKG/Glu
malate
NADH
NAD+
OAA
Asp
aKG
Glu

9. Malate-aspartate shuttle viewed as e- carrying process
NAD+
NAD+
NADH
NADH
OAA
OAA

10. with set of transaminations between OAA/Asp, and aKG/Glu

11. with set of transaminations between OAA/Asp, and aKG/Glu

12. with set of transaminations between OAA/Asp, and aKG/Glu
NH3 group
from Asp to
aKG
NH3 group
from Glu to
OAA

13. Malate-aspartate shuttle viewed as e- carrying process
with set of transaminations between OAA/Asp, and aKG/Glu
malate
NADH
NAD+
OAA
Asp
aKG
Glu

14. Malate-aspartate shuttle
fig19-29

16. coupling is…
chemiosmotic

17. e- flow is coupled to ATP production

18. Why does limited ADP decrease the rate of resp. chain? ACCEPTOR
CONTROL
fig19-33 bottom
or…

19. NADH and ATP/ADP levels directly
affect the
Krebs cycle…
low
ADP
NADH
fig19-33 middle

20. NADH and ATP/ADP levels directly
affect the
Krebs cycle…
ATP
ADP
fig19-33 middle

21. and glycolysis is similarly affected by ATP citrate and NADH
fig19-33 top

22. regulation of
all three phases
of glucose break-
down: a
combination of
effects of a
number of
molecules,
including NADH,
ATP, citrate,
acetyl-CoA
fig19-33
the whole
darn thing…

23. Nature’s electric blanket use of uncoupling for a biological purpose
fig19-34

24. mitochondrial roles in
The “new” field of mitochondrial medicine
mitochondrial roles in
apoptosis (programmed cell death)
diabetes
ageing
Parkinsonism

25. Anabolism!!!
part II intro fig4

26. Carbohydrate
synthesis in
the biosphere
fig 14-15

27. Gluconeogenesis
anabolic production of glucose

28. Carbohydrates
a two-lane
highway…
what determines
these special
steps?
fig 14-16

29. The glycolysis energy landscape
(pyruvate set to 0)

30. Three big steps down… or up
table 14-2

31. First bypass
fig 14-17

32. First bypass
fig 14-17

33. First bypass, second step
fig 14-17

34. Two ways to
make PEP…
fig 14-19

35. two fates for pyruvate
fig 15-20

36. table 14-4

37. Three big
steps on the
way up…
fig top

38. Remember regulation of
PFK-1??
fig 15-15

39. Fructose bisphosphate is at a key position in both cat and ana

40. When glucose is abundant, so is F2,6BP
F2,6BP accelerates
PFK-1
fig15-16

41. When glucose is low, so is F2,6BP
F2,6BP inhibits
FBPase
fig 15-16

42. When glucose is low, so is F2,6BP
When glucose is abundant, so is F2,6BP
fig 15-16

43. pg 581

44. Separate distinct enzyme activities control Fr2,6BP levels
fig 15-17

45. …and hormones control these enzymes
fig 15-17

46. Glycogen: the glucose buffer…

47. Glycogen granules
~ 1600 glucose monomers per granule

48. fig 7-14

49. Glycogen in real life…

50. How is glycogen synthesized?
-sequential addition of glucose to a
growing a1-4 linked linear polymer
glycogenin, then glycogen synthase
-creation of branches composed of a1-6
linkages
branching enzyme

51. Glucose ends… O 1 2 3 4 5 6
non-
reducing
end
reducing
end

52. polymer ends…
fig 7-14

53. pg 597

54. addition of UDP carrier to glucose-1-P
fig 15-29

55. addition of glucose monomers to the growing glycogen chain
fig 15-30

56. Glycogen branching enzyme creates branches
fig 15-31

57. Glycogen branching enzyme creates branches10
a1 4 3 7
a1 6
fig 15-9

58. How is glycogen broken down?
-sequential removal of glucose-1P from
the non-reducing end
glycogen phosphorylase
-dismantling of those pesky branches
debranching enzyme

59. fig 14-11

60. debranching
enzyme
removes
branches
fig 15-26

61. 7 4 7 1 Debranching enzyme removes branches a1 4 a1 6 a1 4 a1 4 a1 6
free
glucose 4
a1 6
a1 4 7
a1 4 1
a1 6
transferase
activity
a1-6
glucosidase

62. Allosteric control of glycogen phosphorylase
fig 15-36

63. Hormonal control of glycogen phosphorylase
fig 15-34

64. regulation of
glycogen
synthase
by phos-
phorylation
as well…
fig 15-37

65. Liver glucose
metabolism
fig 23-13

66. Blood glucose
level is critical
and stringently
regulated
fig 23-23

67. The
Cori
cycle
fig 23-20

68. Liver as a "glucostat"
low blood
glucose
high blood
glucose

69. Glucagon: the hormone of starvation
phosphorylation
of enzymes
alteration of
fructose 2,6 bis P

70. Insulin: the hormone of plenty

72. fig 23-24