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The Origins of Islam: There is no god but God
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I. Arabia at the Time of Muhammad A. Trade Routes of Southwestern Outer Eurasia: Indian Ocean, Red Sea, and Arabia 1. Sea and caravan routes 2. Importance of Mecca
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Arabia and Its Environs in Early 7 th Century
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Arabia and the Near East
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Indian Ocean Trade
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Arabia in the Early 7 th Century
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“Camels with Howdah” (1855) by Emile Rouergue
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A caravan crossing Ad Dahna desert
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Dromedary, importance of
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Purebred Arabian stallion
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“The horse of Mustapha Pasha” (ca. 1810), by Antoine-Jean Gros
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Carl Raswan (1893−1966) on an Anazeh warmare in the Ruala camp (ca. 1930)
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Artist’s Depiction of Mecca at the Time of Muhammed ca. 600
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Mecca in 1850
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Artist’s Depiction of a Street Scene in Mecca ca. 600
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Kaaba
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Prophet Muhammad at the Kaaba, The Life of the Prophet Topkapi Palace Museum, Istanbul (Inv. 1222/123b), illustration by Nakkaş Osman [c. 1595].The Life of the Prophet Topkapi Palace MuseumIstanbulNakkaş Osman
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I. Arabia at the Time of Muhammad B. Clan Relations 1. Tribal groupings in Arabia 2. Quraysh of the Hollow C. Role of Muhammad
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Major tribal groups of Arabia in the early 7 th century
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Quraysh of the Hollow, 5 th -6 th Centuries
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QURAYSH CLANS Clans of Quraysh divided into 3 main groups: A B C HasimAbd ShamsMakhzum Al-MuttalibNawfulSahm ZuhrahAsadJumah TaymAmirAbd ad-Dar Al-Harith ibn Fihr Adi
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The Origins of Islam: There is no god but God II. Principles and Tenets of the Religion A. Five Pillars of Islam B. Important People, Places, and Events C. Sufism (Suf- < “wool” [?])
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A. Five Pillars of Islam 1. Shahada — “There is no god but God, and Muhammad is his messenger” 2. Salat (Salah)— prayer toward Mecca five times a day 3. zakat — alms (2½% of income above that for your own needs) 4. Sawn — fasting during the month of Ramadan 5. hajj — pilgrimage to Mecca; ihram; tawaf
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Salat (Salah)
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B. Important People, Places, and Events 1. Muhammad (570–632) — last and greatest of the prophets of God 2. Mecca — birthplace of Muhammad 4. Hijra (622) — flight from Mecca to Yathrib
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Kaaba at the heart of Mecca. As the night goes on pilgrims visiting the Holy House
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B. Important People, Places, and Events 1. Muhammad (570–632) — “last and greatest of the prophets of God” a. Revelation in cave of Hira (611) b. Night journey (621)
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B. Important People, Places, and Events 2. Mecca — birthplace of Muhammad a. Ka’aba — “cube” built by Ibrahim (Abraham) and Ismail (Ishmael) b. Zamzam — well found by Ismail and Hagar c. Jabal nur — site of first revelation d. Mina — three pillars of the devil
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Jabal nur
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Cave of Hira
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Tent city on the plain at Mina
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Pilgrims stone the jamrah (stoning the devil)
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B. Important People, Places, and Events 3. Hijra (622) — flight from Mecca to Yathrib a. date of beginning of Muslim calendar b. Yathrib later renamed Medina (Medinat un-Nabi = City of the Prophet)
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B. Important People, Places, and Events 4. Battle of Badr (624) − Abu Sufyan 5. Battle of Uhud (625) − Khalid ibn al-Walid − Hind bint Utbah − Hamza ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib 6. Seige of Yathrib (627) − “Battle of the Trench” 7. Mecca falls (630)
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B. Important People, Places, and Events 8. Qur’an (or Koran) — the word of God 9. Hadith — sayings of Muhammad 10. jihad — struggle (external and internal)
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Battle of Badr (March 17, 624)
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Battle of Uhud (March 19, 625)
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Battle of the Trench
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B. Important People, Places, and Events 9. Hadith — sayings of Muhammad a. silsilah — chain of authority 10. jihad — struggle (external and internal)
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C. Sufism (Suf- < “wool” [?]) 1. Central practice — dhikr — “remembrance” a. stirring the heart — heart as epistemological organ b. piercing the solar plexus (seat of the ego) c. movements of the head d. repeating the shahada: “La ilaha illa ’llah.” –understood as “There is nothing but God” 2. Nothing in this ephemeral world is real except God 3. God is closer to you than the carotids; God is within you
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