1. Indira Gandhi National Open University presents

2. Course: System Constructs and Tools By NEERJA PAHWA SARDANA A Video Lecture

3. BUSINESS MODELS USING SPREADSHEETS

4. Business Models A model is a mathematical representation of a problem/ situation. In any situation there will be constraints, resources and objectives to be met with. The mathematical equations representing these relationships constitute a model. It can also be used to automate the process that simulates the situation/problem.

5. Business Decisions Business Objectives Constraints of manpower Money and Resources Changes in the Environment * Best investment Strategy * Production cost * Budgeting, Sales growth, Profitability

6. Optimizing Models It selects the best solution out of all the possible alternatives. These models are more time consuming to formulate. All factors and constraints must be reduced to mathematical problems. Created through Linear Programming (LP).

7. Non-optimizing Models These models have only one solution which may or may not be the best option.

8. Probabilistic Models Business Models have all the factors which have a ‘chance’ involved in each. 0.00 means the event is impossible 1.00 means the event is bound to happen. 0.00 Impossible 1.00 Will happen

9. Deterministic Model When there is no consideration of ‘chance’ and the probability of occurrence is definite.

10. Static Models These models do not consider time as a variable, it deals with the problem or a situation at a fixed time.

11. Dynamic Model These models use time as one of their variables. It is the behavior of an entity over a span of time.

12. ‘What if’ Models Can project results of various situations Same model can work for different situations by just changing certain parameters. All problems at hand can be solved.

13. Organize problems in a SPREADSHEET Electronic worksheet is a computer based version of manual worksheet.

14. Organize problems in a SPREADSHEET Electronic worksheet is a computer based version of manual worksheet. It is a class of computer software that arranges and stores interrelated values in a matrix form.

15. Organize problems in a SPREADSHEET Electronic worksheet is a computer based version of manual worksheet. It is a class of computer software that arranges and stores interrelated values in a matrix form. These worksheets are useful in statistical and mathematical problems

16. VISICALC First Spreadsheet : In 1979, Danniel Bricklin and Robert Frankston developed the VISICALC which means…Visible Calculator. Some other spreadsheets in the market are: * MS-Excel * Lotus 1-2-3

17. Modeling for Decision Making in Business  Certainty- When perfect information on the outcomes is available.

18. Modeling for Decision Making in Business  Risk- The various possible outcomes and the probabilities of their occurrence are known.

19. Modeling for Decision Making in Business  Uncertainty- Only the possible outcomes are known and not the probability of their occurrence.

20. ‘What-If’ Analysis The Worksheets provide an automated optimized solution by using ‘What If’ Technique. The best results at hand can be determined.

21. THE EXCEL SCREEN

22. The Cell Address

23. SCROLLING

24. CELL ENTRIES

25. SELECTING CELLS ROWS

26. SELECTING CELLS COLUMN

27. NON-CONTIGUOUS CELLS

28. SELECTING THE RANGE

29. DRAG AND DROP TECHNIQUE Moving cell contents B3 to C3

30. THE FILL HANDLE

31. ENTERING A SERIES Automatic filling

32. FORMATTING TEXT 1

33. FORMATTING TEXT 2

34. FORMATTING CELLS Format menu Cells

35. SHORTCUT MENU Click the Right Mouse Button

36. ENTERING FORMULAE

37. Precedence of Operators