1. Chapter 2 Technology

2. Computer categories Mainframes Minicomputers Microcomputers Traditional categories: small, mid-range and large mainframes and super computers Application categories: host-computers, database servers, transaction systems and central systems Traditional categories: minicomputers, mid-rang systems Application categories : departmental systems, network servers, technical workstations, workgroup systems Traditional categories : portable, desktop and minitower-computers Application categories : personal computers, multi-user systems, netwerk-servers technical, office and professional workstations O’Brien 48

3. Trends in Computer Characteristics Size Room Closet Desk Dessktop Credit card? Generation Fist Second Third Fourth Fifth Reliability Hours Days weeks Months Years? Instuct/sec Hundreds Thousands Milions Tens of millions Billions? Circuitry Vacuum Tubes Transistors IC’s LSI’s VLSI Memory Thousands 10s Thousands 100s Thousands Millions Billions? Price/M instr $ 10 $ 1.0 $ 0.1 $ 00.01 $ 0.0001? O’Brien p 50

4. Categories l Microcomputers or personal computers l Midrange computers or minicomputers l Mainframe computers l Supercomputers l Computer Networks ê client/server systems ê network computers O’Brien 51-54

5. Client/Server Host system super server Client Server types Functionality O’Brien p 55

6. Multimedia Computersystemen O’Brien p 56

7. Multimedia l Technologies : Languages HTML, JAVA ê Hypertex ê Hypermedia l Elements ê CDI compact disk interactive ê Compressed audio ê Computer edit systems ê Digital audio ê DVI digital video interactive ê MIDI musical instrument digital interface ê Sound card ê Video capture card O’Brien p 57-58

8. Design of a computer system Central processing unit CPU Input device inputs data and instructions into the CPU Keyboard mouse touch screen optical scanner light pen speech input barcode.... Control Unit Translates instructions and manages processing Arithmetic/Logical unit (ALU) Executes arithmetic operations and compares Internal storage unit Stores data and instructions during execution Output device video screen printer loudspeaker video... External storage Stores data and programs for the applications O’Brien 60

9. Peripheral Devices l terminals ê video, hand terminals, intelligent terminals, transaction-terminals (POS),... l Pointing devices ê pictogram, mouse, trackball, joystick, touch-sensitive, light pen, graphical tablet l Terminal input/output ê LCD, plasma, video-output, impact printers, laser printer, inktjet printer l Speech input/output l Optical and magnetic recognition (OCR, MICR) l Storage: tape, magnetic disk, optical disk (ROM, WORM) O’Brien 63 - 79

10. The “Von Neumann” Computer INTERFACEINTERFACE INTERFACEINTERFACE Data memory Arithmetic unit Control unit Program memory Programmer Interface DATADATA RESULTSRESULTS

11. Computer Architecture Input and Output Converters translate the external representation into an internal representation or the other way around. eg: keyboards, video screens, printers, barcode readers, magnetic cards, sensors,... Data memory Temporary storage of data. intermediate results ( eg. program variables ). input/output buffers

12. Computer Architecture 2 Program memory Contains the instructions that go via the program interface to the CPU and that will be executed one by one. Central memory A set of numbered cells that can contain a binary number. Terminology:. word. address Program variables represent an address

13. Central Memory 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 10 11 12 13 14 15 20 21 22 23 24 25 address contents In most computers, data memory and program memory are only logically separated

14. Storage Semiconductor memory Magnetic disks Magnetic tape Optical disk Access speed increases Storage capacity decreases Cost/byte increases RAM ROM Primary Secondary Tekst: O’Brien p 74

15. Computer Architecture 3 Arithmetic and Logical Unit This unit is responsible for the processing of the data read from, and rewritten into the data memory. The unit can compare the contents of memory cells and execute basic operations. The Control Unit This unit reads the instructions one by one from the program memory, decodes them and sends the appropriate signals to the other components.

16. Peripheral Memory. Uses no electrical energy. Usually stored in blocks of hundreds of words, which are moved as one block into the central memory. Magnetic material in permanent movement - disk memory < 1/10 sec : allows " random access " - Magnetic tapes : sequential memory. Optical material - CD-ROM : to distribute large amounts of data - WORM : archiving

17. Usage of Memory Registers central memory Mass storage ( disk - tape ) Price per bit Access Time Registers: Very fast memory ( < 100 ns ) in arithmetic and control unit Central memory: ( between 50 and 500 ns ) These types of memory use integrated circuits and use electrical energy. The content is lost with a power supply interruption.

18. Units Memory capacity l Kilobyte: one thousand bytes l Megabyte: one million bytes l Gigabyte: one billion bytes l Terabyte: one trillion bytes Time l Millisecond: one thousandth of a second l Microsecond: one millionth of a second l Nanosecond: one billionth of a second l Picosecond: one trillionth of a second O’Brien 61

19. Memory Access Time price access time 100 10 1 10 10 10 10 1s -8 -6 -4 -2 I.C. Disk CD-ROM Tape

20. Coding Data Numerical Data - integer : binary numbers 1. 2 + 0. 2 + 1. 2 + 0. 2 + 1. 2 = 10101 b = 21 d - real numbers mantissa and exponential part 4 3 2 1 0

21. ASCII computer codes 0 048 30 060 00110000 1 049 31 061 00110001 2 050 32 062 00110010 3 051 33 063 00110011 4 052 34 064 00110100 5 053 35 065 00110101 6 054 36 066 00110110 7 055 37 067 00110111 8 056 38 070 00111000 9 057 39 071 00111001 : 058 3A 072 00111010 ; 059 3B 073 00111011..... A 065 41 101 01000001 B 066 42 102 01000010 C 067 43 103 01000011 D 068 44 104 01000100 E 069 45 105 01000101 F 070 46 106 01000110 G 071 47 107 01000111 H 072 48 110 01001000 I 073 49 111 01001001 J 074 4A 112 01001010 K 075 4B 113 01001011 L 076 4C 114 01001100..... char dec hex oct binary O’Brien 61

22. Complex Configuration LAN/WAN Remote Data Base

23. Hardware Schema Microcomputer System bus... other system management and equipment Central Microprocessor Supporting Microprocessor RAMROM Keyboard Interface Display Interface CD-ROM Interface Serial Interface Diskdrive Interface Parallel Interface Keyboard Video screen CD-ROM Modem Diskette station Printer... Internal memory

24. Instructions Information processing instructions opc.op.1op.2resnext opc.op.1op.2 next1next2 Control instructions opc. = operation code op.1 = address in memory of the first operand op.2 = address in memory of the second operand next = address in the program memory of the next instruction next1 = address of the next instruction if a condition is true next2 = address of the next instruction if a condition is false

25. Program Example Data memory Arithmetic unit Control unit Program memory Programmer Interface Computer controlled door

26. Computer Controlled Door 123456789123456789 STO EQ? MUL ADD NE? STO 0 KFL D2 D1 D2 1 - 0 10 KDA 1 3 207 - D1 P2 D2 P3 P3 P4 D2 P5 D2 P6 D1 P7 P3 P8 P1 P9 DDA P1 KFL key flag KDA key data DDA door data D1 number of digits read D2 value read

27. Usage of P-register P - register or ordinal counter Control Unit +1 P-registerI-register Program Memory op c. op. 1 op. 2 res op c. op. 1 op. 2 nex t Control instructions Information processing instructions

28. Door program with P-register 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 STO EQ? MUL ADD NE? STO JMP 0 KFL D2 D1 D2 1 - 0 10 KDA 1 3 207 - D1 D2 P3 D2 D1 P3 P1 DDA P1

29. Client server Clients comm. server comm. server DB. server DB. server DB. server O.A. server