1. Bose-Bose Mixtures: atoms, molecules and thermodynamics near the Absolute Zero Bose-Bose Mixtures: atoms, molecules and thermodynamics near the Absolute Zero Jacopo Catani LENS & CNR-INFM Università di Firenze FerMix ESF Meeting Trento, 3-5 June 2009 European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy Dipartimento di Fisica Università di Firenze

2. OUTLINE 87 Rb- 41 K experimental apparatus Double BEC with tunable interspecies interacions Association of heteronuclear Bosonic molecules Observation of heteronuclear Efimov resonances Entropy management in the quantum regime using a SSDP potential

3. Principal Motivations Heteronuclear mixtures are good candidates for Quantum Magnetism: antiferromagnetic Néel state, xy-ferromagnetic state or supercounterfluidity/paired superfluidity Long Lived Heteronuclear Dipolar Bosonic Molecules: double Mott insulator with one particle per species per site ideal starting point Entropy control of species A exploiting species B

4. The Apparatus The apparatus

5. Triple Chamber Triple Chamber system, 2 high pressure (10 -9 mbar), 1 UHV (10 -11 mbar) Milli-Trap Milli-Trap, low power, low inductance magnetic trapping device Dipole Trap Optical LatticeHigh Power Fiber laser for Dipole Trap / Optical Lattice, 20W @ 1064 nm, <100KHz Feshbach resonancesPossibility to tune external magnetic fields (Feshbach resonances) up to 100 G 2D-MOT Rb 2D-MOT K The Apparatus

6. Rb (K) atoms are precooled to 100  K (1mK) by MOT and MOLASSES  -wave radiation sweep employed for hyperfine spin-flip (F=2->F=1) of Rb @ 6.835 GHz, evaporation and sympathetic cooling Fast interspecies thermalization (a RbK =160a 0 ) and repulsive interactions in Rb and K allow for double 87 Rb- 41 K BEC Atoms are imaged by resonant light after a variable expansion time (k is mapped on r) Sympathetic Cooling and 87 Rb- 41 K Double BEC 41 K 87 Rb

7. The |1,1>|1,1> state has nice tunability of interactions in the 0-100 G range Tunability of interactions in 87 Rb- 41 K G. Thalhammer, G. Barontini, L. De Sarlo, J. C., F. Minardi, and M. Inguscio, PRL 100, 210402 (2008) Dipole trap loaded at ~ 1  K  wave transfers at 6.3 G F=2 F=1 K 20 Katoms Rb 40 Katoms Interaction between K and Rb is tailored during final evaporation to obtain two BECs with tunable interspecies interactions A. Simoni et al., Phys. Rev. A 77, 052705 (2008).

9. We associate heterospecies Bose molecules by modulating the external magnetic field in proximity of a FR (B 0 ) K-Rb molecules show permanent e-dipole in the ground state, ~Debye Association of Heteronuclear Molecules 87 Rb- 41 K S. T. Thompson, E. Hodby, and C. E.Wieman, PRL 95, 190404 (2005) When =E b /h threshold atoms are stimulated to association The mixture is prepared at temperatures in the 200- 600 nK range and for a certain value of magnetic field B. The Feshbach field is modulated in the 50-200 KHz range, 130 mG amplitude, t=10-1000 ms We detect ATOM LOSS after a certain RF time. Molecules relax with lifetime 1/  into deeply bound pairs C. Weber, G. Barontini, J. C., G. Thalhammer, M. Inguscio, and F. Minardi, Phys. Rev. A 78, 061601(R) (2008) K. –K. Ni et al., Science 322, 231 (2008) 41 K- 87 Rb molecules are good constituents for dipolar BEC ! L. Santos et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 1791 (2000)

10. Binding energies of associated molecules are measured ( ) aside both FR for different values of magnetic field -> comparison with theoretical model ( ) sourcing from different isotopic K-Rb admixtures Association of Heteronuclear Molecules 87 Rb- 41 K C. Weber, G. Barontini, J. C., G. Thalhammer, M. Inguscio, and F. Minardi, Phys. Rev. A 78, 061601(R) (2008) A. Simoni et al., Phys. Rev. A 77, 052705 (2008). Data are excellently fitted by the theoretical curves (no free parameters) provided the field in the model is shifted by 0.25 G and 1.0 G respectively The position of the 2B-resonances ( ) are extrapolated using the corrected model ( ) and compared to 3B losses measurement. Small shift. molecular association represents a more precise and affordable method (2B) to measure FR position The new FR positions are employed to increase the precision on the parameters of the model G Thalhammer, G Barontini J. C., F Rabatti, C Weber, A Simoni, F Minardi and M Inguscio, NJP 11, 055044 (2009)

11. Association of Heteronuclear Molecules 87 Rb- 41 K C. Weber, G. Barontini, J. C., G. Thalhammer, M. Inguscio, and F. Minardi, Phys. Rev. A 78, 061601(R) (2008) Several nontrivial features appear in the association spectrum: 1)Lines appear broad and asymmetric in frequency; 2)Additional association peaks at fractional frequencies of the binding energy. 3)A shift of the resonant modulation frequency that increases with the modulation amplitude;

12. Association of Heteronuclear Molecules 87 Rb- 41 K C. Weber, G. Barontini, J. C., G. Thalhammer, M. Inguscio, and F. Minardi, Phys. Rev. A 78, 061601(R) (2008) 1)Lines appear broad and asymmetric in frequency (for a fixed value of E b ) It is crucial to take into account temperature (200-600 nK) and energy distribution NOTE: the broadening/asym. is not observed when degenerate gases are employed J. J. Zirbel et al., PRL 100, 143201 (2008); J. J. Zirbel et al., PRA 78, 013416 (2008), S. T. Thompson, E. Hodby, and C. E.Wieman, PRL 95, 190404 (2005).

13. Association of Heteronuclear Molecules 87 Rb- 41 K C. Weber, G. Barontini, J. C., G. Thalhammer, M. Inguscio, and F. Minardi, Phys. Rev. A 78, 061601(R) (2008) Model derived combining several ideas from PA to molecular assoc. in harmonic pot. M. Mackie, R. Kowalski, and J. Javanainen, PRL 84, 3803 (2000). J. F. Bertelsen and K. Mölmer, PRA 76, 043615 (2007). T. M. Hanna, T. Köhler, and K. Burnett, PRA 75, 013606 (2007). Thermally averaged  Estimation of molecules lifetime: (left side of line) 20  s<  <5 ms (no decay after RF pulse) 

14. Association of Heteronuclear Molecules 87 Rb- 41 K C. Weber, G. Barontini, J. C., G. Thalhammer, M. Inguscio, and F. Minardi, Phys. Rev. A 78, 061601(R) (2008) 2) Molecular association signal is nonzero for fractional values of E b : h  = E b /2 This behavior sources directly from equations of the model, peaks of association for different Fourier components of the excitation. ASSUMPTION: B field range is into the universal region of interaction: This feature is exploited as a technique to extend the range of B modulation frequency to measure E b even if the S/N is worse.

15. Association of Heteronuclear Molecules 87 Rb- 41 K C. Weber, G. Barontini, J. C., G. Thalhammer, M. Inguscio, and F. Minardi, Phys. Rev. A 78, 061601(R) (2008) 3) An intensity-dependent shift of the association lines appears: This feature is directly connected to the quadratic form of the binding energy into the universal regime If the amplitude of B field modulation is not negligible compared to E b, the r.m.s. value of the oscillating field shifts towards higher values respect to  B 2 Time average: =h In order to measure the “real” E b we have to extrapolate to zero-modulation the association signal. 130 mG ~ -6 KHz 350 nK 15 ms

17. In the early ’70s, V. Efimov predicted the existence of trimer states leaning beyond the range where dimers exist (a<0). Original field: Nuclear Physics, but first evidence in ultracold homonuclear atomic systems Log-periodicity of resonances by a universal scaling factor (e  /s0 ) for (1/a) -> 0 3B resonances should occur when threshold is crossed by trimer levels (a<0). Peculiar features (oscillations, atom-dimer resonances) are expected for a>0 Values for s 0 and a * /a_ has been predicted and measured for the homonuclear case Scaling laws have been found to extract properties on heteronuclear systems. No experimental evidence for heteronuclear systems Association of Heteronuclear Efimov Trimers V. Efimov, Phys. Lett. B 33B, 563 (1970); V. Efimov, Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 12, 589 (1971), Yadern. Fiz. 12 (1970), 1080-1091. J. H. Huckans et al., PRL 102, 165302 (2009) T. B. Ottenstein et al., PRL 101, 203202 (2008). T. Kraemer et al., Nature 440, 315 (2006). E. Nielsen, H. Suno, and B. D. Esry, PRA 66, 012705 (2002). S. Knoop, et al., Nature Physics 5, 227 (2009) E. Braaten and H.-W. Hammer, Phys. Rep. 428, 259 (2006). M. Zaccanti et al., arXiv:0904.4453 (2009) J. P. D’Incao and B. D. Esry, PRA 73, 030702 (2006).

18. Efimov resonances in a B-B mixture Observation of Efimov effect in a heteronuclear system would grant that only two resonant interactions are sufficient to Efimov Effect to take place. Efimov physics in a homonuclear system stems from the resonant character of interactions among all three constituents in proximity of a common FR.

19. Efimov resonances in a B-B mixture In order to detect a signature of Efimov physics, we observe the atomic losses after a certain hold time around a Feshbach resonance (a<0) We have 4 possible decay channels: KKK, RbRbRb (homonuclear) KRbRb, KKRb (heteronuclear), dominating near an interspecies FR. So, two possible Efimov trimers families should exist in a two species system, different periodicity factors s 0 KRbRb KKRb V. Efimov, Nucl. Phys. A 210, 157 (1973)

20. 0.3  K, 100 ms Efimov resonances in a B-B mixture KRbRbKKRb 38.8(1) G, -22000 a 0 57.7(5) G -246 a 0 We observe two “candidate” atom loss peaks for a_ (a<0), aside FR at 38 G Single species behaviors are useful for channel assignment (see insets&later) 0.4  K, 500 ms G. Barontini, C. Weber, F. Rabatti, J. C., G. Thalhammer, M. Inguscio, and F. Minardi, arXiv:0901.4584v2 (2009)

21. Efimov resonances in a B-B mixture We compare our data with numerical solutions of a set of 3BR rate equations: G. Barontini, C. Weber, F. Rabatti, J. C., G. Thalhammer, M. Inguscio, and F. Minardi, arXiv:0901.4584v2 (2009) J. P. D’Incao and B. D. Esry, PRA 73, 030702 (2006). Things go smoothly for the strongest KRbRb channel… KRbRb KKRb in analogy to the homonuclear case

22. Efimov resonances in a B-B mixture … the unitary limit should be taken into account to reproduce the KKRb channel data G. Barontini, C. Weber, F. Rabatti, J. C., G. Thalhammer, M. Inguscio, and F. Minardi, arXiv:0901.4584v2 (2009) KRbRb KKRb The KRbRb channel always dominates except where it is unitary limited by a certain amount In this strongly interacting region, the KKRb coefficient exceeds the limited value of the KRbRb one and a sharp peak appears above the smooth unitary limit of  KRbRb ( ) We assume the unitary limit to be T dependent and of the same order of the homonuclear one J. P. D’Incao, H. Suno, and B. D. Esry, PRL 93, 123201 (2004).

23. Efimov resonances in a B-B mixture Why should these data (a<0) be Efimov-related signatures? 1) Atom number combinations show loss peaks typical of ABB or AAB 3body processes 3) No FR are predicted, nor measured even for higher momentum 2) No features if only Rb or only K is present G. Thalhammer et us, NJP 11, 055044 (2009) 4) Atom decay close to an Efimov peak can be reproduced by our 3B numerical model, giving a non-exponential behavior. The ratio of lost particle numbers per specie approaches 2 G. Barontini, C. Weber, F. Rabatti, J. C., G. Thalhammer, M. Inguscio, and F. Minardi, arXiv:0901.4584v2 (2009) N Rb lost /N K lost ~ 1.7(3) KRbRb channel B = 56.8 G

25. Mixtures in Optical Lattices Atoms in OL represent a unique testbench for fundamental physical concepts coming from different research areas (crystals, solid state, quantum computing, atom-optics) New exotic ordered phases are in principle engineerable (SS, Checkerboard, SCF) when interactions and tunneling are adjusted MIXTURES in optical lattices For high lattice heights atoms localize, but a small finite tunneling can induce ORDER E. Altman et al., New J. Phys. 2003 A. Isacsson et al., PRB 2005

26. Mixtures in Optical Lattices Few experiments has been investigating properties of heteronuclear MIXTURES in OL: FERMI-BOSE mixtures BOSE-BOSE mixture J. C. et al, PRA(R) 2008 (K. Guenter et al. PRL 2006, S. Ospelkaus et al. PRL 2006, Th. Best et al. PRL 2009) Still no evidence for ordered quantum phases (BB, FB and FF mixtures) predicted by recent works BIG (open) ISSUES: Which is the highest T (critical temperature) compatible with the onset of an ordered phase? How to detect these phases? Very recent theoretical efforts on the subject of finite T A.Hubener et al., arXiv:0902.2212 (2009) B.Capogrosso-Sansone et al., work in progress Very low T are required not to melt these phases into disordered phases. For 87 RB- 41 K Tc ~ 50 pK (!) B. Capogrosso-Sansone, preliminary results S. G. Soyler et al., arXiv:0811.0397 (2008) QMC

27. Mixtures in Optical Lattices TEMPERATURE in (deep) Optical Lattices is always a tricky element: Difficult to be measured (no feasible method has been implemented) …Difficult to be defined (single localized atoms in deep OL)… IDEA: ordered phases are intrinsically linked to ENTROPY per particle the higher the order, the lower the entropy A method to control the ENTROPY of the system at ultralow temperatures would be desirable to ease the realization of ordered phases S/N  ln (  /N )

28. Entropy exchange in an ultracold atomic mixture (collaboration with S. Stringari, University of Trento) …Preliminary results…

29. Entropy exchange in a Bose-Bose Mixture KEY IDEA: use a species-selective dipole potential (SSDP) that acts only on a certain species (K), whereas the other (Rb) is “transparent” SINGLE GAS: a (ideal) compression is ISOENTROPIC, energy density of states  decreases and T increases TWO GASES: a compression acting on a single species (SSDP) is still ISOENTROPIC for K+Rb, but entropy is transferred from K to Rb since  decreases as before but T increases less. In the limit N Rb >> N K Rb is a thermal bath, negligible T increase, ISOTHERMAL transformation

30. Entropy exchange in a Bose-Bose Mixture ENTROPY EXCHANGE: we use a selective compression (SSDP) of K to reduce its entropyby transferring it to Rb M-trap + SSDP K Rb Sample is prepared after evaporation and sympathetic cooling in m-trap (400 nK) T is right above critical temperature for BEC N Rb =5 N K SSDP beam power is raised to a variable value with  =45 ms (adiabaticity is fulfilled) Max. compression ratio on K frequencies: ~2 Residual compression on Rb due to SSDP: V Rb /V K =0.08 M-trap freq. for K: 2π × (24, 297, 297)Hz

31. Entropy exchange in a Bose-Bose Mixture K entropy is transferred to Rb cloud, selective compression can induce BEC transition on K [1] S. Giorgini, L. P. Pitaevskii, and S. Stringari, J. Low. Temp. Phys. 109, 309 (1997). [2] L. Pitaevskii and S. Stringari, Bose-Einstein Condensation (Oxford University Press, 2003). [3] M. Naraschewski and D. M. Stamper-Kurn, Phys. Rev. A 58, 2423 (1998). K Rb K Exact quantitative analisys is not possible for interacting gases [1], we start from ideal trapped case [2] to numerically estimate final T after compression using entropy conservation. We include the effect of interactions in the estimated f c (T) [3] SELECTIVE COMPRESSION of K

32. Entropy exchange in a Bose-Bose Mixture Is this entropy exchange reversible? For spin mixtures or single species in dimple traps D. M. Stamper-Kurn et al., PRL 81, 2194 (1998). M. Erhard et al, PRA 70, 031602 (2004). We perform several cycles of compression/decompression with the SSDP technique (128->216 Hz) We observe more than 5 BEC revivals

33. Entropy exchange in a Bose-Bose Mixture Explore the S-T diagram for K (N K =10 5 ) We can follow different trajectories in the phase diagram combining SSDP compr.+evaporation of Rb End Points are assumed to be where NRb becomes nearly equal to NK, that is where symp. cooling efficiency vanishes. ENTROPY is extracted from exp. Parameters (T, f c ) using the relations: T>T c T<T c By reducing N k, lower T and S/N could be reached

34. The Species Selective Dipole Potential (SSDP) beam SSDP: exploits the fine structure of a certain species Wavelength is tuned between D1 and D2 lines Blue and red effects cancel out KRb D1 794.8 nm D2 780.0 nm SSDP wawelenght: 789.85 nm Fine splitting is important as  SC scales as I/   Cs-Rb or Cs-K is another good candidate to be employed in SSDP. Max. Beam Power: 32 mW Beam waist: 55  m Beam orthogonal to the weak M-trap axis. M-trap axis (x) 766.5 nm 769.9 nm

35. …some Perspectives for SSDP technique Reduce entropy of a certain species through a SSDP potential could ease the realization of quantum phases in Lattices SS Lattice: Study thermalization and scattering between localized K and unperturbed superfluid Rb Rb used as a “heatsink” for K excitations Thermometry in Deep SS Lattices Few unperturbed Rb atoms represent a temperature probe for the K sample

36. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS BEC3 team, LENS, Florence Staff: M. Inguscio, F. Minardi Postdocs: J. Catani, G. Lamporesi, G. Thalhammer (now in Innsbruck) PhD students: G. Barontini, C. Weber (now in Bonn) Undergraduate students: F. Rabatti

37. Thank you Jacopo Catani FerMix ESF Meeting Trento, 3-5 June 2009