1. Chapter 13: Properties of Metals

2. Physical Properties of Metals
Ductile
Malleable
Good conductors of electricity
Good conductors of heat
Shiny
High melting points & boiling points
High density
Strength

3. Structure of Metals Metals are generally solids.
[Recall: Particulate Models of Matter]
Simplified diagram of a metal:

4. Structure of Metals: Explanation
Metals have high density because there is little empty space between the atoms.
Atoms are packed close together in a metal.

5. Structure of Metals: Explanation
In pure metals, atoms of the same size are packed regularly in layers.
Metals are malleable and ductile because the layers of atoms can slide over each other easily when a force is applied.
Push

6. Exceptions! Group I metals: Mercury: Low melting point
Low density (it floats on water)
Mercury:
Liquid at room temperature

7. Differentiating Metal & Non-Metal
All metals conduct electricity.

9. Would you use pure metal or an alloy to make your armour?
If you were a SPARTAN..
Would you use pure metal or an alloy to make your armour?

10. Alloys Mixtures of a metal with another element For example,
Bronze: copper and tin
Brass: copper and zinc
Stainless steel: iron, chromium, nickel and carbon

11. Arrangement of atoms in alloy
Alloys
In an alloy, the atoms have different sizes.
Arrangement of atoms in alloy

12. Alloys The different sizes of the atoms
disrupts the orderly layers of atoms, and
makes it more difficult for the layers to slide over each other.
PUSH

13. Metals are often used in the form of alloys because..
They are harder and stronger.
PUSH

14. Metals are often used in the form of alloys because..
They are more resistant to corrosion.
E.g. Brass [copper, zinc] is more resistant to corrosion than pure copper.
It lowers the melting points of metals.
E.g. Solder [tin, lead] has lower m.p. than pure tin or pure lead, and can be used to join metals.
It improves the appearance.
E.g. Pewter [Tin, antimony, copper] looks more beautiful than pure tin.

15. Some alloys.. Uses Properties Composition Alloy Brass Stainless Steel
Decorative ornaments
Bright, shiny, looks like silver
Tin, antimony, copper
Pewter
For joining metals
Low melting point
Tin, lead
Solder
Cutlery, utensils
Resistant to corrosion, strong
Iron, chromium, nickel, carbon
Stainless Steel
Coins, musical instruments
Does not corrode easily; looks like gold
Copper, zinc
Brass
Uses
Properties
Composition
Alloy

16. Do you think metals react in the same manner?
Question!
Do you think metals react in the same manner?

17. Metals may react more or less violently than others
the metal that reacts more vigorously is said to be more reactive than the other metal
metals have different reactivities

18. Reactivity Series of Metals
An arrangement of metals in order of their ease of reaction, beginning with the most reactive
The position of a metal in the series determines
Reactions of the metal with various reagents
Displacement of one metal from its compound by another metal
Method of extraction of a metal from its ore.

19. Metal
Reaction with water
Sodium
Reacts very fast with cold water, sometimes with explosion, produces sodium hydroxide and H2(which may catch fire and explode)
Potassium
Explodes with cold water, potassium hydroxide and H2 produced a lot of heat given off, H2 gas burns in air
Calcium
Reacts readily with cold water, calcium hydroxide obtained together with lots of bubbles of H2
Zinc
No reaction with cold water; hot zinc burns in steam to produce zinc oxide and H2
Iron
No reaction with cold water, rusting occurs slowly in the presence of air. Red hot iron reacts slowly with steam to produce iron oxide and H2
Silver
No reaction under any condition
Copper
Magnesium
Reacts very slowly with cold water; a few bubbles of H2 gas produced; magnesium hydroxide solution obtained. Hot magnesium burns to produce magnesium oxide and hydrogen gas; H2 burns in air.

21. Revealing the True Order
Potassium
Sodium
Calcium
Magnesium
Zinc
Iron
Hydrogen is inserted as a reference point
Metals above H: Reacts with HCl and water/steam
Metals below H: No reaction with HCL and water
(Hydrogen)
Copper
Silver 21

22. Write the Chemical Equation!
Reaction with water/steam
Metal + (cold) Water Metal hydroxide + Hydrogen
Example:
Potassium + Water  Potassium hydroxide + Hydrogen
2K(s) + 2H2O(l)  2KOH(aq) +H2(g)
Metal + Steam  Metal oxide + Hydrogen
Magnesium + Steam  Magnesium oxide + Hydrogen
Mg(s)+ H2O(g)  MgO(s) + H2(g)

23. Write the Chemical Equation!
Reaction with dilute hydrochloric acid
Metal + Hydrochloric acid  Metal chloride + Hydrogen
Example:
Magnesium + Hydrochloric Acid  Magnesium chloride + Hydrogen
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq)  MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

24. Most reactive Reactivity increases Least reactive
Potassium
Sodium
Calcium
Magnesium
Aluminium
Zinc
Iron
Tin
Lead
(Hydrogen)
Copper
Silver
Gold
Please
Stop
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Think
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See
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Most reactive
Reactivity increases
Least reactive 24

25. Be Creative! Come up with your set of mnemonics
Share it with the class!
5mins to Brainstorm

26. The Position of Aluminium
Aluminium does not appear to react with water or steam.
Shouldn’t it be lower in the reactivity series?

27. The Position of Aluminium
A thin layer of aluminium oxide protects the metal from reacting.
What happens when this layer of oxide is removed?
Aluminium will react with steam a little less vigorously than magnesium, according to the reactivity series.

28. Using the Reactivity Series
Predict chemical reactions of metals
E.g.
Copper does not react with water under any condition.
We can predict that gold will also have no reaction with water since it is less reactive than copper.

29. Reactivity Series: An explanation
When metals react with water/dilute acid, they lose electrons to become ions.
The more readily a metal gives up electrons to form ions, the more reactive it is.
Reactivity Series: A measure of how easily a metal gives up electrons to form positive ions.

30. Reactivity and the Periodic Table

31. Valence electron escapes easily
Down a Group
Atom becomes bigger
Increase in number of electron shells
Valence
electron (-) +
Strong attractive force between nucleus and valence electron
Nucleus
Nucleus
Weaker attractive force between nucleus and valence electron +
Valence electron (-)
Valence electron escapes easily

32. Across a Period Metals  Non-metals
Increase in tendency to lose electrons rather than gain electrons
Sodium
Chlorine

33. So… What have we learnt?

34. Summary
The higher the metal in the reactivity series, the more reactive the metal
The more reactive the metal, the more violent are the reaction with HCl and water
Reaction of metal with HCl
Metal + HCl  Metal chloride + Hydrogen
Reaction of metal with water/steam
Metal + Water Metal hydroxide + Hydrogen
Metal + Steam Metal oxide + Hydrogen