1. Penning-Trap Mass Spectrometry for Neutrino Physics
Sergey Eliseev
Max-Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany
International Workshop XLIII on Gross Properties of Nuclei and Nuclear Excitations
Hirschegg , January 12, 2015

2. OUTLINE Basics of Penning-Trap Mass Spectrometry
PTMS for Neutrino Physics
Type of Neutrinos
Determination of Neutrino Mass
Search for heavy sterile Neutrinos

3. Basics of Penning-Trap Mass Spectrometry

4. Masses of Exotic Nuclides (short-lived to stable)
Field
Examples
dm/m
shell closures, shell quenching, regions of
Nuclear structure
physics
deformation, drip lines, halos, Sn, Sp, S2n, S2p,
δVpn, island of stability
10-6 to 10-7
rp-process and r-process path, waiting-point
Astrophysics
nuclear models
mass formula
nuclei, proton threshold energies, astrophysical
reaction rates, neutron star, x-ray burst
Weak interaction
studies
CVC hypothesis, CKM matrix unitarity, Ft of
10-8
superallowed ß-emitters
Metrology,
fundamental constants
α (h/mCs, mCs /mp, mp/me ), mSi
10-9 to 10-10
0nbb, 0n2EC
Neutrino physics
mmother – mdaughter :
heavy neutrinos
~10-10
neutrino mass
<10-11
mp and mp me- and me+
mion, electron binding energy
CPT tests
QED in HCI
<10-11

5. nc = q 1 2p m B Penning trap the most accurate mass spectrometer
q/m
strong uniform
static B-field 1 q
nc = 2p m

6. Max-Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics,
Penning trap
the most accurate mass spectrometer B
q/m
strong uniform
static B-field 1 q
nc = 2p m
SHIPTRAP
JYFLTRAP
TRIGATRAP
MLLTRAP
THe-TRAP
Max-Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics,
Heidelberg
< 10-11 DB B
h-1
< 5 · 10-9 DB B
h-1

7. Penning Trap
magnetic field
electrostatic field B
q/m

8. Penning Trap B modified cyclotron motion: magnetron motion:
axial motion:

9. long-lived and stable nuclides
short-lived nuclides
Brown & Gabrielse, Rev. Mod. Phys. 58, 233 (1986)

10. Penning-Traps worldwide
JYFLTRAP
SHIPTRAP
MLLTRAP
TITAN
TRIGATRAP
THe-TRAP
CPT
LEBIT
ISOLTRAP
FSU
on-line facility for short-lived nuclides
dm/m ~ (ToF-ICR technique)
ultra-precise Penning trap for long-lived
and stable nuclides
dm/m <10-10 (FT-ICR technique)

11. Penning-Traps worldwide
JYFLTRAP
SHIPTRAP
MLLTRAP
TITAN
TRIGATRAP
THe-TRAP
LEBIT
CPT
ISOLTRAP
PENTATRAP
FSU
CMU-TRAP

12. High Precision PTMS Q = Mmother- Mdaughter of b and bb transitions
< 10-10
type of neutrinos
heavy sterile neutrinos
< 10-11
neutrino mass

13. High Precision PTMS Q = Mmother- Mdaughter of b and bb transitions
< 10-10
type of neutrinos
heavy sterile neutrinos
< 10-11
neutrino mass

14. double-electron-capture nuclides
double b-decay nuclides

15. two-neutrino mode
neutrinoless mode

16. neutrinoless mode

17. • • • Observation of 0nbb or 0n2EC proves that:
neutrino is a Majorana particle, n = n •
conservation of total lepton number breaks
Measurement of T1/2 gives: •
effective Majorana neutrino mass

18. Neutrinoless Double-b - Decay
T1/2~1019y
T1/2>1025y
Contribution of Penning Traps:
measurements of Qbb – values
with a sub-keV uncertainty
transition Q-value precision
76Ge – 76Se (50) E-10
G. Douysset et al., PRL 86, 4259 (2001)
100Mo – 100Ru (17) E-9
S. Rahaman et al., PLB 662, 111 (2008)
130Te – 130Xe (13) E-10
M. Redshaw et al., PRL 102, (2009)
136Xe – 136Ba (37) E-09
M. Redshaw et al., PRL 98, (2007)
48Ca – 48Ti (3) E-10
M. Redshaw et al., PRC 86, (R) (2013)
A.A. Kwiatkowski et al., PRC 89, (2014)
Experiments:
GERDA & MAJORANA :
76Ge
NEMO-3:
100Mo
COBRA & CUORE:
130Te
EXO:
136Xe
CANDLES & CARVEL:
48Ca

19. expected T1/2 of 0n2EC > 1030 yr
Neutrinoless Double-Electron Capture
expected T1/2 of 0n2EC > 1030 yr

20. expected T1/2 of 0n2EC > 1030 yr
Neutrinoless Double-Electron Capture
expected T1/2 of 0n2EC > 1030 yr

21. Neutrinoless Double-Electron Capture
resonant enhancement of capture rate
T1/2 of 0n2EC ~ 1023 yr
Search for a transition with (Q-B2h-Eg) < 1 keV
Measurement of Q=M1-M2 at ~ 100 eV-Level

22. Measurements with SHIPTRAP/GSI
Addressed 0n2EC transitions
112Sn → 112Cd
JYFLTRAP, S. Rahaman et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, (2009)
JYFLTRAP, V. S. Kolhinen et al., Phys. Lett. B 684, 17 (2010)
74Se → 74Ge
FSU, B. J. Mount et al., Phys. Rev. C 81, (R) (2010)
136Ce → 136Ba
JYFLTRAP, V. S. Kolhinen et al., Phys. Lett. B 697, 116 (2011)
184Os → 184W
TRIGATRAP, C. Smorra et al., Phys. Rev. C 86, (2012)
152Gd → 152Sm
164Er → 164Dy
Measurements with SHIPTRAP/GSI
180W → 180Hf
96Ru → 96Mo
162Er → 162Dy
Phys. Rev. Lett (2011) ; (2011) ;
168Yb → 168Er
Phys. Rev. C 83 (2011) ; 84 (2011) ; 84 (2011) ;
106Cd → 106Pd
Nucl. Phys. A 875 (2012) 1;
156Dy → 156Gd
124Xe → 124Te
130Ba → 130Xe

23. between nuclear ground states
0+ → 0+ transitions
between nuclear ground states
2EC-transition Q (old), keV D (old), keV Q (new), keV D (new), keV T1/2·|m2EC|2, yr
152Gd → 152Sm (3.5) (3.5) (0.2) (0.2)
164Er → 164Dy (3.9) (3.9) (0.12) (0.12) ·1030
180W → 180Hf 144.4(4.5) (4.5) (0.2) (0.2) ·1027
JYFLTRAP, S. Rahaman et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, (2009)

24. multiple-resonance phenomenon in 156Dy
 |M| =3 for 0+ → 0+
T1/2 (0+→0+) ~ 31024 y
for |m2EC|=1 eV

25. Q-values of all important 0nbb – transitions
JYFLTRAP
SHIPTRAP
MLLTRAP
TITAN
TRIGATRAP
CPT
LEBIT
THe-TRAP
ISOLTRAP
FSU
Q-values of all important 0nbb – transitions
are measured with sufficient accuracy
Two resonantly enhanced 0n2EC – transitions
are found

26. High Precision PTMS Q = Mmother- Mdaughter of b and bb transitions
< 10-10
type of neutrinos
heavy sterile neutrinos
< 10-11
neutrino mass

27. Determination of Neutrino Mass with an uncertainty of ~ 0.2 eV
KATRIN - Project
b--decay of Tritium
- Project
EC in 163Ho
HOLMES - Project
MARE- Project
b--decay of 187Re
Measurements of Q-Values are required
with a relative uncertainty (dQ/m) < 10-11

28. Max-Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics
THe-TRAP & PENTATRAP
Max-Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics
(Heidelberg)
Division “Stored and Cooled Ions”
THe-TRAP
PENTATRAP
Measurements of mass ratios of
THe-TRAP
PENTATRAP
Tritium \ 3He
187Re \ 187Os
163Ho \ 163Dy
with an accuracy of < 10-11

29. THe-TRAP for KATRIN: 3H3He Q-value
THe-Trap aims for
dQ ≈ 20 meV
dQ/m < 10-11
Status:
Q = m(16O5+)-m(12C4+)
dQ/m ≈ 10-10
Q= (1.2) eV
S. Streubel et al., Appl. Phys. B 114, 137 (2014)
Sz. Nagy et al., Euro. Phys. Lett. 74, 404 (2006)

30. PENTATRAP for ECHo, HOLMES, MARE
Measurements of Q-Values of
b--decay of 187Re
EC in 163Ho
Intensity
De-Excitation Energy / keV
Q=2.47 keV
Q=2.55 keV
with an uncertainty of ~ 1 eV

31. Status of PENTATRAP
Production of highly charged ions (187Re50+, Xe25+, Ar8+)
Transport of HCIs to Penning-trap mass spectrometer
Trapping of HCIs for up to 30 min.
Measurement of the axial-motion frequency

32. Improvement of the Experiment Performence
Status of PENTATRAP
Improvement of the Experiment Performence

33. Q-values of 187Re b-decay & 163Ho EC
(NEAR) FUTURE
Q-values of 187Re b-decay & 163Ho EC
with ~ 1 eV uncertainty

34. search for the best b-transition for the neutrino mass determination
EC in 163Ho; Q-value ≈ 2.55 keV
b-decay of 3H; Q-value ≈ 18.6 keV
b-decay of 187Re; Q-value ≈ 2.47 keV

35. search for the best b-transition for the neutrino mass determination
Electron-Capture Transitions
Intensity
De-Excitation Energy / keV
Q-Belectron → 0
Q-value → 0

36. search for the best EC-transition for the neutrino mass determination
Measurement program for
ISOLTRAP and JYFLTRAP

37. search for most suitable
Penning Traps for Neutrino Mass
JYFLTRAP
ISOLTRAP
accuracy ~ 10-8
search for most suitable
EC-transitions
M(187Re)-M(187Os)
THe-TRAP
PENTATRAP
M(3H)-M(3He)
M(163Ho)-M(163Dy)
accuracy < 10-11

38. High Precision PTMS Q = Mmother- Mdaughter of b and bb transitions
< 10-10
type of neutrinos
heavy sterile neutrinos
< 10-11
neutrino mass

39. Extension of Standard Model:
heavy sterile neutrinos: 1 to 100 keV
overview of different approaches
F. Bezrukov and M. Shaposhnikov, Phys. Rev. D 75 (2007)
KATRIN and MARE (b-decay)
H.J. de Vega, O. Moreno et al., Nucl. Phys. B 866 (2013) 177
search in electron capture (EC)
F.X. Hartmann, Phys. Rev. C 45 (1992) 900

40. Extension of Standard Model:
heavy sterile neutrinos: 1 to 100 keV
overview of different approaches
F. Bezrukov and M. Shaposhnikov, Phys. Rev. D 75 (2007)
KATRIN and MARE (b-decay)
H.J. de Vega, O. Moreno et al., Nucl. Phys. B 866 (2013) 177
search in electron capture (EC)
F.X. Hartmann, Phys. Rev. C 45 (1992) 900

41. = lM1 lM1 lN1 lN1 heavy sterile neutrinos in electron capture
Intensity
De-Excitation Energy / keV
calorimetric spectrum
A(Z,N) + e A(Z-1,N)h + ne
A(Z-1,N) + Ec
lM1
lM1 =
Function(Q-value, Ue4)
lN1
lN1
3 active
neutrinos
exp

42. Measurements of Q-values of most suitable EC-transitions
P.E. Filianin et al., ArXiv:
largest sensitivity to Ue4 around m4 ≈ Q - Bi
contribution of n4 to i-capture only if m4 ≤ Q - Bi
nuclide
half-life
Q / keV
Bi / keV
Bj / keV
Q-Bi / keV
163Ho
4570 y
2.555(16)
M1: (5)
N1: (5)
0.51
235Np
396 d
124.2(9)
K: (16)
L1: (3)
8.6
157Tb
71 y
60.04(30)
K: (5)
L1: (5)
9.76
123Te
1017 y
52.7(16)
K: (3)
L1: (3)
22.2
202Pb
52 ky
46(14)
L1: (4)
M1: (4)
30.7
205Pb
13 My
50.6(5)
35.3
179Ta
1.82 y
105.6(4)
K: (6)
L1: (4)
40.2
193Pt
50 y
56.63(30)
L1: (3)
M1: 3.137(17)
43.2

43. 105 cryogenic microcalorimeters 10 decays/s in each detector
Measurement time of 1 year
dQ=0, wave functions are known precisely
Ue4 2
m4 / (Q - Bi)

44. measurements of Q-values with
m4 / keV
Ue4 2
measurements of Q-values with
uncertainties dQ/m < are reqiured
measurement programme for PENTATRAP

45. High Precision PTMS Q = Mmother- Mdaughter of b and bb transitions
completed
far future
type of neutrinos
heavy sterile neutrinos
near future
neutrino mass

46. Thank you for your attention !