1. Network Security Attack Analysis

2. cs490ns - cotter2 Outline Types of Attacks Vulnerabilities Exploited Network Attack Phases Attack Detection Tools

3. Top Cyber-security Risks Application vulnerabilities exceed OS vulnerabilities –Password guessing – SQL, FTP, SSH Web application attacks –Server-side, client-side attacks –PHP remote file Include –Cross-site scripting –SQL injection Windows: Conficker/Downadup Apple: QuickTime … Zero Day Vulnerabilities –File Format Vulnerabilities (pdf, Word, Execl, Flash, etc.)

4. cs490ns - cotter4 www.sans.orgwww.sans.org – Top 20 4/08 www.sans.org Client-side Vulnerabilities in: C1. Web Browsers C2. Office Software C3. Email Clients C4. Media Players Server-side Vulnerabilities in: S1. Web Applications S2. Windows Services S3. Unix and Mac OS Services S4. Backup Software S5. Anti-virus Software S6. Management Servers S7. Database Software Security Policy and Personnel: H1. Excessive User Rights and Unauthorized Devices H2. Phishing/Spear Phishing H3. Unencrypted Laptops and Removable Media Application Abuse: A1. Instant Messaging A2. Peer-to-Peer Programs Network Devices: N1. VoIP Servers and Phones Zero Day Attacks: Z1. Zero Day Attacks

5. cs490ns - cotter5 Example Description C4 Media Players –C4.1Description –C4.2Operating Systems Affected –C4.3CVE Entries –C4.4How to determine if you are vulnerable –C4.5How to protect against MP vulnerabilities –C4.6References

6. C4.3 CVE Entries RealPlayer CVE-2007-2497, CVE-2007-3410, CVE-2007-5601 Apple iTunes CVE-2007-3752 CVE-2007-3752 Adobe Flash Player CVE-2007-3457, CVE-2007-5476 CVE-2007-3457CVE-2007-5476 Apple Quicktime CVE-2007-0462, CVE-2007-0588, CVE-2007-0466, CVE-2007- 0711, CVE-2007-0712, CVE-2007-0714, CVE-2007-2175,CVE-2007- 2295, CVE-2007-2296, CVE-2007-0754, CVE-2007-2388, CVE-2007- 2389, CVE-2007-2392, CVE-2007-2393,CVE-2007-2394, CVE-2007- 2396, CVE-2007-2397, CVE-2007-5045, CVE-2007-4673 CVE-2007-0462CVE-2007-0588CVE-2007-0466CVE-2007- 0711CVE-2007-0712CVE-2007-0714CVE-2007-2175CVE-2007- 2295CVE-2007-2296CVE-2007-0754CVE-2007-2388CVE-2007- 2389CVE-2007-2392CVE-2007-2393CVE-2007-2394CVE-2007- 2396CVE-2007-2397CVE-2007-5045CVE-2007-4673 Windows Media Player CVE-2006-6134, CVE-2007-3035, CVE-2007-3037, CVE-2007-5095 CVE-2006-6134CVE-2007-3035CVE-2007-3037CVE-2007-5095

7. nvd.nist.gov

8. cs490ns - cotter8 Types of Attacks Software vulnerabilities –Buffer overflows Viruses, trojans, etc. System or service configuration mistakes Password weaknesses Denial-of-Service attacks Wireless Attacks

9. cs490ns - cotter9 Buffer Overflows Objective: –Send more data to an application input than it is designed to handle. –Craft the data such that the overflow portion will be interpreted as executable code. –Typically done by getting data to overflow in stack so that it overwrites PC address Depends on: –Traditional (non-checked) data validation. –Code instructions that do not validate input.

10. cs490ns - cotter10 Buffer Overflow Example void function(char *str) { char buffer[16]; strcpy(buffer,str); } void main() { char large_string[256]; int i; for( i = 0; i < 255; i++) large_string[i] = 'A'; function(large_string); }

11. cs490ns - cotter11 Stack Structure for function bottom of top of memory code buffer sfp ret *str <------ [XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX][XXXX][XXXX][XXXX] top of bottom of stack *strpointer to char buffer (argument into function) retpointer to return address in main sfpsaved frame pointer (reference into memory frame) bufferstorage allocated for character array code…

12. cs490ns - cotter12 Stack Overflow bottom of top of memory buffer sfp ret *str <------ [XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX][1F3C][1F9A][1F7C] top of bottom of stack bottom of top of memory buffer sfp ret *str <------ [AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA][AAAA][AAAA][AAAA] top of bottom of stack After strcpy: Before strcpy:

13. cs490ns - cotter13 Stack Manipulation bottom of top of memory buffer sfp ret *str <------ [AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA][XXXX][1F94][XXXX] top of bottom of stack Overflow buffer with the bytes needed to overwrite the return pointer with a desired address That points to an instruction of your own crafting bottom of top of memory buffer sfp ret *str <------ [AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA][XXXX][1F41][XXXX] top of bottom of stack

14. cs490ns - cotter14 Viruses, trojans, etc. Check for evidence of programs (and versions) that are susceptible to attack. Test for outdated (or unchecked) virus scan software.

15. cs490ns - cotter15 System or service configuration mistakes Default passwords left in place –Router passwords –Program passwords Default (unused) services left running –Sendmail –Echo, time, etc. Default settings for firewalls and routers

16. cs490ns - cotter16 Password weaknesses Test for standard password weaknesses –Short passwords –Dictionary based passwords –Personal information passwords (pets, family, etc.) Test for unencrypted passwords Try to download encrypted password files –/etc/passwd, /etc/shadow Use dictionary, etc as source –Encrypt word, compare to password file

17. cs490ns - cotter17 Wireless Attacks Scan for Access Points (War Driving) Look for SSID beacons Test for mac address blocking Look for unencrypted access points If encrypted, test for WEP / WPA –If WEP, consider the value of capturing data and trying to recover secret through IV

18. cs490ns - cotter18 Network Attack Phases Reconnaissance Vulnerability Identification Penetration Control Embedding Data extraction / modification Attack Relay

19. cs490ns - cotter19 Reconnaissance Find out about network topology –What IP addresses are active? –What Operating Systems do they use? –What services / servers do they support? –What other machines do they talk to? Tools –Port Scanners –DNS queries (zone transfers) Defense –Snort, Shadow

20. cs490ns - cotter20 Vulnerability Identification Once systems have been scanned, specific sweeps are made to check for specific service or system vulnerabilities –See SANS top 20 –Buffer overflows, etc. Most Popular Targets –Servers difficult to remove or relocate ( DNS, mail, web, etc.) Defense –Don’t expose vulnerabilities!

21. cs490ns - cotter21 Penetration Most sucessful hack is one that is not detected –Second best is an attack that cannot be traced. Systems with some security typically rely on a “hard shell”. –Firewall or proxy servers –Perhaps IDS If firewall is secure, then use the users –Track external site visits –Taint DNS records to point to an attack machine –Let users establish the connection for you!

22. cs490ns - cotter22 Control Typically a bootsrtap process. –Find an exploit that allows you to control a process (program). –Use that process to start up a process of your choosing with permissions of the owner of the original process –This process will contact the attack host and download the full exploit. –Use that process to execute another exploit that will get root privilege (if needed).

23. cs490ns - cotter23 Embedding Once into the system, the hacker will attempt to hide several different access programs. –If one exploit is discovered, perhaps others will not. –Alter logging programs to not display packets –Alter process display programs to not show processes –Etc. Want to be sure that the attack program (bot) will survive a restart.

24. cs490ns - cotter24 Embedding Store exploits by overwriting little used existing files (games,etc.) Store most of the exploit as fragments inside other files (steganography), then use a small reassembly program to rebuild on command Hide program on unused portions of the disk Load poritons of the bot onto unused eeprom on the network card.

25. cs490ns - cotter25 Data extraction / modification First order of business is to send system data back to relay –Windows – registry –Linux - /proc Transmit data slowly – over several different sessions Encrypt and embed data into known (or expected) data flows – www, ftp, e-mail, etc. –Use existing programs RMON and arpwatch

26. cs490ns - cotter26 Attack Relay Use this new system as a relay to attack other systems. –Use multiple relays – ideally in multiple countries – to link to attacked machines. –Use multiple machines for an attack A few suspicious packets from a machine once in a week may not be acted upon Multiple machines are harder to block.

27. cs490ns - cotter27 Attack Detection Tools Scanners –Virus Scanners –SpyBots –Malware scanners IDS –Network based –Host based

28. Profile of an Advanced Cyber Intrusion Ongoing (since 1999) series of suspected intrusions on US commercial and military sites from PRC Information presented in an unclassified document that details China’s capability to conduct cyber attacks document One element of that report is a detailed report of an intrusion into a US commercial network

29. Awareness of the Problem Information security staff at the company became aware of the intrusion when they detected large volumes of data leaving their network –Coming from multiple machines –Going to multiple addresses mostly (completely?) within the US Were able to implement blocks to stop the flow, but an unknown volume of data was transmitted.

30. Two Teams Able to distinguish teams based on the tools and techniques used. Forensic Profile –Able to distinguish individuals based on “keyboard behavior” – tools, techniques, command combinations, elapsed time between keyboard entries, etc. Breach Team –Figure out how to get into the network and secure machines. Collection Team –Determine what information to extract and implement the extraction.

31. Data Compromised Information extracted was very carefully selected. –Files picked out of directories of related information –Files generally were not opened pripr to extraction Suggests that intruders had very detailed knowledge of the information in the network and had been able to search through the files to identify what they wanted. –Took a lot of time –Took detailed knowledge of the company

32. Activity prior to exfiltration Information Security (IS) detected low levels of intrusive activity prior to exfiltration. –Seemed to be folcused on maintenance of their presence within the network –When detected IS would block the link. –Apparently intruders were able to open up other links undetected to continue their reconaissance. Process continued for several days (at least).

33. Reconnaissance Phase Identify specific files, directories and file shares that contained desirable information Identify specific users who would have access to desired information and compromise their accounts. Uncover and use password policies Identify group memberships Construct detailed network architecture diagrams to facilitate information movement Process was very methodical and quiet.

34. Data Exfiltration Operation Cmd / Control Work station Work station Staging File Server File Server File Server Exfilt Host Exfilt Host Exfilt Host External Host External Host External Host Staging Compromised users Staging Sys via RDP Sending Hosts (Internal) Collection Host (External) External Command and Control (C2)

35. Analysis Used dozens of accounts over about 150 occasions to gather information. –Very difficult to correlate the activities prior to exfiltration. Group memberships were particularly important in accessing data from non- compromised accounts.

36. Data Staging Process Took place over several days Noticed an increase in short duration communications –Appeared to be used to verify resources, set up redundant channels, etc. Transfer done in the evening (same time each night). Transfer desired data from file servers to mail servers. –75% of the company’s several dozen mail servers were involved in the intrusion. Rename files to resemble legitimate Windows files on mail servers. Encrypt and compress files into 650 MB RAR archives

37. Exfiltration Secure a compromised user machine for use as an internal C2 station Move data into staging servers Test all staging servers by downloading a 20MB video file. –Terminated download before complete. Identify local (US) external hosts to receive the data Used several versions of FTP (both standard and customized versions) to get a working configuration for offloading files. Finally got a working configuration to a US University site. Replicated the configuration 5 more times to increase throughput. Eventually detected and blocked. IS noted repeated attempts over the next 5 hours to regain access.

38. cs490ns - cotter38 Summary There are many ways that hackers can get into systems Complexity of systems today makes it difficult to protect all possible attack vectors. Several web sites available to identify trends (SANS, etc.) Understand the process!

39. cs490ns - cotter39 References Stealth Coordinated Attack HOWTO by Dragos Ruiu - 1999 –Google for a copy (it seems to move around) Network Intrusion Detection 3 rd ed.- Northcutt and Novak – New Riders Publishing 2003 Maximum Linux Security – Anonymous – Sams Publishing – 2000 Ethical Hacking and Network Defense – Simpson – Thomson Course Technonogy – 2006 Smashing the Stack for Fun and Profit –http://www.phrack.org/phrack/60/p60-0x06.txthttp://www.phrack.org/phrack/60/p60-0x06.txt PRC and Cyber Warfare –http://www.uscc.gov/researchpapers/2009/NorthropGrumman_P RC_Cyber_Paper_FINAL_Approved%20Report_16Oct2009.pdf