1. Chapter 9: Vector Differential Calculus 1 9.1. Vector Functions of One Variable -- a vector, each component of which is a function of the same variable i.e., F(t) = x(t) i + y(t) j + z(t) k, where x(t), y(t), z(t): component functions t : a variable e.g., ◎ Definition 9.1: Vector function of one variable

2. 2 。 F(t) is continuous at some t 0 if x(t), y(t), z(t) are all continuous at t 0 。 F(t) is differentiable if x(t), y(t), z(t) are all differentiable ○ Derivative of F(t): e.g.,

3. 3 ○ Curve: C(x(t), y(t), z(t)), in which x(t), y(t), z(t): coordinate functions x = x(t), y = y(t), z = z(t): parametric equations F(t)= x(t)i + y(t)j + z(t)k: position vector pivoting at the origin Tangent vector to C: Length of C:

4. 4 ○ Example 9.2: Position vector: Tangent vector: Length of C:

5. 5 ○ Distance function: t(s): inverse function of s(t) ○ Let Unit tangent vector:

6. 6 。 Example 9.3: Position function: Inverse function:

7. 7 Unit tangent vector:

8. 8 ○ Assuming that the derivatives exist, then (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

9. 9 9.2. Velocity, Acceleration, Curvature, Torsion A particle moving along a path has position vector Distance function: ◎ Definition 9.2: Velocity: (a vector) tangent to the curve of motion of the particle Speed : (a scalar) the rate of change of distance w.r.t. time

10. 10 Acceleration: or (a vector) the rate of change of velocity w.r.t. time ○ Example 9.4: The path of the particle is the curve whose parametric equations are

11. 11 Velocity: Speed: Acceleration: Unit tangent vector:

12. 12 ○ Definition 9.4: Curvature (a magnitude): the rate of change of the unit tangent vector w.r.t. arc length s For variable t,

13. 13 ○ Example 9.7: Curve C: t > 0 Position vector:

14. 14 Tangent vector: Unit tangent vector: Curvature:

15. 15 ◎ Definition 9.5: Unit Normal Vector i) ii) Differentiation

16. 16 ○ Example 9.8: Position vector: t > 0 Write as a function of arc length s (Example 9.7) Solve for t, Position vector:

17. 17 Unit tangent vector: Curvature:

18. 18 Unit normal vector:

19. 19 9.2.1 Tangential and Normal Components of Acceleration

20. 20 ◎ Theorem 9.1: where Proof:

21. 21 ○ Example 9.9: Compute and for curve C with position vector Velocity: Speed: Tangential component: Acceleration vector:

22. 22 Normal component: Acceleration vector: Since, curvature: Unit tangent vector: Unit normal vector:

23. 23 ◎ Theorem 9.2: Curvature Proof:

24. 24 ○ Example 9.10: Position function:

25. 25 9.2.3 Frenet Formulas Let Binormal vector: T, N, B form a right-handed rectangular coordinate system This system twists and changes orientation along curve

26. 26 ○ Frenet formulas : The derivatives are all with respect to s. (i) From Def. 9.5, (ii) is inversely parallel to N Let : Torsion

27. 27 (iii) (a) (b) (c) ＊ Torsion measures how (T, N, B) twists along the curve

28. 28 12.3 Vector Fields and Streamlines ○ Definition 9.6: Vector Field -- (3-D) A vector whose components are functions of three variables -- (2-D) A vector whose components are functions of two variables

29. 29 。 A vector filed is continuous if each of its component functions is continuous. 。 A partial derivative of a vector field -- the vector fields obtained by taking the partial derivative of each component function e.g.,

30. 30 ◎ Definition 9.7: Streamlines F: vector field defined in some 3-D region Ω  : a set of curves with the property that through each point P of Ω, there passes exactly one curve from  The curves in  are streamlines of F if at each point in Ω, F curve in  passing through is tangent to the

31. 31 ○ Vector filed: : Streamline of F Parametric equations -- Position vector -- Tangent vector at --

32. 32 is also tangent to C at //

33. 33 ○ Example 9.11: Find streamlines Vector field: From Integrate Solve for x and y Parametric equations of the streamlines

34. 34 Find the streamline through (-1, 6, 2).

35. 35 9.4. Gradient Field and Directional Derivatives ◎ Definition 9.8: Scalar field: a real-valued function e.g. temperature, moisture, pressure, hight Gradient of : a vector field

36. 36 e.g., 。 Properties: ○ Definition 9.9: Directional derivative of in the direction of unit vector

37. 37 ◎ Theorem 9.3: Proof: By the chain rule

38. 38 ○ Example 9.13:

39. 39 ◎ Theorem 9.4: has its 1. Maximum rate of change,, in the direction of 2. Minimum rate of change,, in the direction of Proof: Max.: Min.:

40. 40 ○ Example 9.4: The maximum rate of change at The minimum rate of change at

41. 41 9.4.1. Level Surfaces, Tangent Planes, and Normal Lines ○ Level surface of : a locus of points e.g., Sphere (k > 0) of radius Point (k = 0), Empty (k < 0)

42. 42 ○ Tangent Plane at point to Normal vector: the vector perpendicular to the tangent plane

43. 43 ○ Theorem 9.5: Gradient normal to at point on the level surface Proof: Let : a curve passing point P on surface C lies on

44. 44 normal to This is true for any curve passing P on the surface. Therefore, normal to the surface

45. 45 ○ Find the tangent plane to Let (x, y, z): any point on the tangent plane orthogonal to the normal vector The equation of the tangent plane:

46. 46 ○ Example 9.16: Consider surface Let The surface is the level surface Gradient vector: Tangent plane at

47. 47

48. 48 9.5. Divergence and Curl ○ Definition 9.10: Divergence (scalar field) e.g.,

49. 49 ○ Definition 9.11: Curl (vector field) e.g.,

50. 50 ○ Del operator: 。 Gradient: 。 Divergence: 。 Curl:

51. 51 ○ Theorem 9.6: Proof:

52. 52 ◎ Theorem 9.7: Proof:

53. FORMULA ○ Position vector of curve F(t)= x(t)i + y(t)j + z(t)k 。 Distance function: 。 Unite tangent vector: where C(x(t), y(t), z(t))

55. ○ Velocity: Speed : Acceleration: or, where=, = ○ Curvature:

56. ○ Unit Normal Vector: ○ Binormal vector: Torsion ○ Frenet formulas: ○ Vector filed: Streamline:

57. ○ Scalar field: Gradient: ○ Directional derivative: ○ Divergence: ○ Curl: ○