1. Limit and Continuity

2. 2.1 Rate of Change and Limits (1) Average and Instantaneous Speedy

3. 2.1 Rate of Change and Limits (2, Example 2) Average and Instantaneous Speedy
t=2
v=?
When different
value of h

4. 2.1 Rate of Change and Limits (3) Definition of Limitx y

5. 2.1 Rate of Change and Limits (4) Definition of Limit

6. 2.1 Rate of Change and Limits (5) Properties of Limit
This can be applied to do the limits of all polynominal
and rational functions.

7. 2.1 Rate of Change and Limits (6, Theorem 1) Properties of Limit

8. 2.1 Rate of Change and Limits (7, Theorem 1) Properties of Limit

9. 2.1 Rate of Change and Limits (8, Theorem 1) Properties of Limit

10. 2.1 Rate of Change and Limits (9, Example 3) Properties of Limit

11. 2.1 Rate of Change and Limits (10,Theorem 2) Properties of Limit

12. 2.1 Rate of Change and Limits (11, Example 4) Properties of Limit

13. 2.1 Rate of Change and Limits (12, Example 5) Properties of Limit
2-1 Exercise 63

14. 2.1 Rate of Change and Limits (13, Example 6) Properties of Limit

15. 2.1 Rate of Change and Limits (14) One-sided and Two-sided Limitsx
f(x)
f(c+)
f(c-)

16. 2.1 Rate of Change and Limits (15, Example 7) One-sided and Two-sided Limits

17. 2.1 Rate of Change and Limits (16, Theorem 3) One-sided and Two-sided Limits

18. 2.1 Rate of Change and Limits (17, Example 8) One-sided and Two-sided Limits

19. 2.1 Rate of Change and Limits (18, Theorem 4) Sandwich Theoremx y c L f g h

20. 2.1 Rate of Change and Limits (19, Example 9) Sandwich Theorem
h(x) = x2
g(x) = -x2
f(x) = x2 sin(1/x)

21. 2.2 Limits Involving Infinite (1) Finite Limits as x→±
The symbol of infinite () does not represent a real number.
The use  to describe the behavior of a function when the values in its domain or range out grow all finite bounds.

22. 2.2 Limits Involving Infinite (2) Finite Limits as x→±

23. 2.2 Limits Involving Infinite (3) Finite Limits as x→±

24. 2.2 Limits Involving Infinite (4, Example 1) Finite Limits as x→±

25. 2.2 Limits Involving Infinite (5, Example 2) Sandwich Theorem Revisited

26. 2.2 Limits Involving Infinite (6, Theorem 5-1) Sandwich Theorem Revisited

27. 2.2 Limits Involving Infinite (7, Theorem 5-2) Sandwich Theorem Revisited

28. 2.2 Limits Involving Infinite (8, Example 3) Sandwich Theorem Revisited

29. 2.2 Limits Involving Infinite (9, Exploration 1-1) Sandwich Theorem Revisited

30. 2.2 Limits Involving Infinite (10, Exploration 1-2) Sandwich Theorem Revisited

31. 2.2 Limits Involving Infinite (11, Exploration 1-3) Sandwich Theorem Revisited

32. 2.2 Limits Involving Infinite (12) Infinite Limits as x →a

33. 2.2 Limits Involving Infinite (13) Infinite Limits as x →a

34. 2.2 Limits Involving Infinite (14, Example 4) Infinite Limits as x →a

35. 2.2 Limits Involving Infinite (15, Example 5) Infinite Limits as x →a

36. 2.2 Limits Involving Infinite (16, Example 6) End Behavior Models

37. 2.2 Limits Involving Infinite (17) End Behavior Models

38. 2.2 Limits Involving Infinite (18, Example 7) End Behavior Models

39. 2.2 Limits Involving Infinite (19) End Behavior Models
IF one function provides both a left and right behavior model, it called an end behavior model.
In general, g(x) = anxn ia an end behavior model for the polynominal function f(x) = anxn + an-1xn-1 +…+ ao . In the large, all polynominals behave like monomials.
This is the key to the end behavior of rational functions.

40. 2.2 Limits Involving Infinite (20, Example 8) End Behavior Models

41. 2.2 Limits Involving Infinite (21, Example 9) End Behavior Models

42. 2.2 Limits Involving Infinite (22, Example 10) Seeing Limits as x→±

43. 2.3 Continuity (1, Example 1-1) Continuity at a Point

44. 2.3 Continuity (2, Example 1-2) Continuity at a Point

45. 2.3 Continuity (3) Continuity at a Point
from both side a
Continuity
from the right
Continuity
from the left b

46. 2.3 Continuity (4, Example 2) Continuity at a Point

47. 2.3 Continuity (5) Continuity at a Point
y = f(x) 1
continuous at x=0
y = f(x) 1 2
continuous at x=0
If it had f(0)=1
y = f(x) 1
continuous at x=0
If it had f(0)=1
continuity at x = 0 are
removable

48. 2.3 Continuity (6) Continuity at a Point
y = f(x) 1

49. 2.3 Continuity (7) Continuity at a Point

50. 2.3 Continuity (8, Exploration1-1,2) Continuity at a Point

51. 2.3 Continuity (9, Exploration1-3) Continuity at a Point

52. 2.3 Continuity (10, Exploration1-4) Continuity at a Point

53. 2.3 Continuity (11, Exploration1-5) Continuity at a Point

54. 2.3 Continuity (12) Continuous Functions
A function is continuous on an interval if and only if it is continuous at every point of the interval.
A continuous function is one that is continuous at every point of its domain.

55. 2.3 Continuity (12, Example 3) Continuous Functions

56. 2.3 Continuity (13) Continuous Functions
Polynominal functions f are continuous at every real number c because limx → c, f(x) = f(c).
Rational functions are continuous at every point of their domains. They have points of discontinuity at the zeros of their denominators.
The absolute value function y = |x| is continuous at every real number.
The exponential, logarithmic, trigonometric functions and radical function like y = x (1/n) (n = a positive integer greater than 1) are continuous at every point of their domains.

57. 2.3 Continuity (14, Theorem 6) Algebraic Combinations

58. 2.3 Continuity (15, Theorem 7) Composites
g(f(c))
continuous
at f(c) c
f(c)
continuous
at c

59. 2.3 Continuity (16, Example 4) Composites

60. 2.3 Continuity (17, Theorem 8) Intermediate Value Theorem for Continuous Functionsb
f(a)
f(b) c yo

61. 2.3 Continuity (18, Example 5) Intermediate Value Theorem for Continuous Functions

62. 2.4 Rates of Change and Tangent Lines (1) Average Rates of Change
The average rate of change of a quantity over a period of time is the amount of change divided by the time it takes. Such as average speed, grows rate of populations, monthly rainfall.
In general, the average rate of change of a function over an interval is the amount of change divided by the length of the interval.
f(x) x y dx dy

63. 2.4 Rates of Change and Tangent Lines (2) Average Rates of Change (Example 1)

64. 2.4 Rates of Change and Tangent Lines (3) Average Rates of Change (Example 2-1)

65. 2.4 Rates of Change and Tangent Lines (4) Average Rates of Change (Example 2-2)

66. 2.4 Rates of Change and Tangent Lines (5) Average Rates of Change (Example 2-3)

67. 2.4 Rates of Change and Tangent Lines (6) Average Rates of Change (Example 2-4)

68. 2.4 Rates of Change and Tangent Lines (7) Tangent to Curve
The rate at which the value of the function y = f(x) is changing with respect to x at any particular value x = a to be the slope of the tangent to the curve y = f(x) at x = a.
Are we to define the tangent line at an arbitrary point P on the curve and find its slope from the function y = f(x) ? Our usual definition of slope requires two points

69. 2.4 Rates of Change and Tangent Lines (8) Tangent to Curve
The procedure to find the slope of a point P is follows :
We start with what we can calculate, namely, the slope of a secant through P and a point Q nearby on the curve.
We find the limiting value of the secant slope (if it exists) as Q approaches P along the curve.
We define the slope of the curve at P to be this number and define the tangent to the curve at P to be the line through P with this slope.

70. 2.4 Rates of Change and Tangent Lines (9) Tangent to Curve (Example 3-1)
Q(2+h, (2+h)2)
P(2,4)

71. 2.4 Rates of Change and Tangent Lines (10) Tangent to Curve (Example 3-2)
Q(2+h, (2+h)2)

72. 2.4 Rates of Change and Tangent Lines (11) Tangent to Curve (Example 3-3)
Q(2+h, (2+h)2)

73. 2.4 Rates of Change and Tangent Lines (12) Slope of a Curve
a+h x y h
y=f(x)
f(a+h)-f(a)
P(a, f(a))
Q(a+h, f(a+h))

74. 2.4 Rates of Change and Tangent Lines (13) Tangent to Curve (Example 4-a)

75. 2.4 Rates of Change and Tangent Lines (14) Tangent to Curve (Example 4-b)

76. 2.4 Rates of Change and Tangent Lines (15) Tangent to Curve (Example 4-c)

77. 2.4 Rates of Change and Tangent Lines (16) Tangent to Curve

78. 2.4 Rates of Change and Tangent Lines (17) Normal to a Curve (Example 5)

79. 2.4 Rates of Change and Tangent Lines (18) Speed Revisited (Example 6)
A body’s average speed along a coordinate axis for a given period of time is the average rate of change of its position y = f(t).
Its instantaneous speed at ant time t is the instantaneous rate of change of position with respect to time at time t.