1. III. Strain and Stress Strain Stress Rheology Reading Suppe, Chapter 3 Twiss&Moores, chapter 15

2. III. Strain and Stress Strain –Basics of Continuum Mechanics –Geological examples Additional References : Jean Salençon, Handbook of continuum mechanics: general concepts, thermoelasticity, Springer, 2001 Chandrasekharaiah D.S., Debnath L. (1994) Continuum Mechanics Publisher: Academic press, Inc.

3. Deformation of a deformable body can be discontinuous (localized on faults) or continuous. Strain: change of size and shape of a body

4. Basics of continuum mechanics, Strain A. Displacements, trajectories, streamlines, emission lines 1- Lagrangian parametrisation 2-Eulerian parametrisation B Homogeneous and tangent Homogeneous transformation 1- Definition of an homogeneous transformation 2- Convective transport equation during homogeneous transformation 3-Tangent homogeneous transformation C Strain during homogeneous transformation 1-The Green strain tensor and the Green deformation tensor Infinitesimal vs finite deformation 2- Polar factorisation D Properties of homogeneous transformations 1- Deformation of line 2- Deformation of spheres 3- The strain ellipse 4- The Mohr circle E Infinitesimal deformation 1- Definition 2- The infinitesimal strain tensor 3-Polar factorisation 4- The Mohr circle F Progressive, finite, and infinitesimal deformation : 1- Rotational/non rotational deformation 2- Coaxial Deformation G Case examples 1- Uniaxial strain 2- Pure shear, 3- Simple shear 4- Uniform dilatational strain

5. Reference frame (coordinate system): R Reference state (initial configuration):  0 State of the medium at time t:  t –Position (at t), particle path –displacement (t 0 and t), –Velocity (at time t) –Strain (changes in length of lines, angles between lines, volume) A. Describing the transformation of a body

6. A.1 Lagrangian parametrisation Displacements Trajectories Streamlines

7. Volume Change A.1 Lagrangian parametrisation

8. A.2 Eulerian parametrisation Trajectories: Streamlines: (at time t)

9. A.3 Stationary Velocity Field Velocity is independent of time NB: If the motion is stationary in the chosen reference frame then trajectories=streamlines

10. B. Homogeneous Tansformation definition

11. Homogeneous Transformation Changing reference frame

12. Homogeneous Transformation Convective transport of a vector Implication: Straight lines remain straight during deformation

13. Homogeneous transformation Convective transport of a volume

14. Homogeneous transformation Convective transport of a surface

15. Tangent Homogeneous Deformation Any transformation can be approximated locally by its tangent homogeneous transformation

16. Tangent Homogeneous Deformation Any transformation can be approximated locally by its tangent homogeneous transformation

17. Tangent Homogeneous Deformation Displacement field

18. D. Strain during homogeneous Deformation The Cauchy strain tensor (or expansion tensor)

19. Strain during homogeneous Deformation Stretch (or elongation) in the direction of a vector

20. Strain during homogeneous Deformation Stretch (or elongation) in the direction of a vector Extension (or extension ratio), relative length change

21. Strain during homogeneous Deformation Change of angle between 2 initially orthogonal vectors Shear angle

22. Strain during homogeneous Deformation Signification of the strain tensor components

23. Strain during homogeneous Deformation An orthometric reference frame can be found in which the strain tensor is diagonal. This define the 3 principal axes of the strain tensor.

24. Strain during homogeneous Deformation The Green-Lagrange strain tensor (strain tensor)

25. Strain during homogeneous Deformation The Green-Lagrange strain tensor

26. Rigid Body Transformation Strain during homogeneous Deformation

27. Rigid Body Transformation Strain during homogeneous Deformation

28. Polar factorisation Strain during homogeneous Deformation

29. Polar factorisation Strain during homogeneous Deformation

30. Polar factorisation Strain during homogeneous Deformation

31. Pure deformation: The principal strain axes remain parallel to themselves during deformation Strain during homogeneous Deformation

32. D. Some properties of homogeneous Deformation

33. Some properties of homogeneous Deformation The strain tensor is uniquely characterized by the strain ellipsoid (a sphere with unit radius in the initial configuration)

34. Some properties of homogeneous Deformation The strain tensor is uniquely characterized by the strain ellipsoid (a sphere with unit radius in the initial configuration)

35. Some properties of homogeneous Deformation The Mohr Circle for finite strain

36. Some properties of homogeneous Deformation The Mohr Circle for finite strain

37. Note that knowing the strain tensor associated to an homogeneous transformation does not define the uniquely the transformation (the translation and the rotation terms remain undetermined) Some properties of homogeneous Deformation

38. x= R S X + c x1=S Xx1=S Xx2=R x1x2=R x1 X = x 2 +c Homogeneous Transformation c

39. Classification of strain The Flinn diagram characterizes the ellipticity of strain (for constant volume deformation: )

40. E. Infinitesimal transformation

41. Infinitesimal strain tensor

42. Infinitesimal transformation

43. Relation between the infinitesimal strain tensor and displacement gradient

44. NB: The representation of principal extensions on this diagram is correct only for infinitesimal strain only The strain ellipse

45. Rk: For an infinitesimal deformation the principal extensions are small (typically less than 1%). The strain ellipse are close to a circle. For visualisation the strain ellipse is represented with some exaggeration

46. Relation between the infinitesimal strain tensor and displacement gradient

47. F. Finite, infinitesimal and progressive deformation –Finite deformation is said to be non-rotational if the principle strain axis in the initial and final configurations are parallel. This characterizes only how the final state relates to the initial state –Finite deformation of a body is the result of a deformation path (progressive deformation). –There is an infinity of possible deformation paths to reach a particular finite strain. –Generally, infinitesimal strain (or equivalently the strain rate tensor) is used to describe incremental deformation of a body that has experienced some finite strain –A progressive deformation is said to be coaxial if the principal axis of the infinitesimal strain tensor remain parallel to the principal axis of the finite strain tensor. This characterizes the deformation path.

48. x= S X + c Non-rotational transformation a b A B

49. Non-rotational non-coaxial progressive transformation Stage 1: Stage 2: a b A B

50. If A and B are parallel to a and b respectively the deformation is said to be non-rotational (This means R= 1) Rotational vs non-rotational deformation

51. NB: Uniaxial strain is a type a non-rotational deformation Uniaxial strain

52. Pure Shear NB: Pure shear in is a type a non-rotational deformation (plane strain, 2 =1)

53. Simple Shear NB: Simple shear is rotational (Plane strain,  2 =1)

55. Progressive simple Shear Progressive simple shear is non coaxial

56. Progressive pure shear Progressive pure shear is a type of coaxial strain