1. Anatomy of the Knee, Lower Leg and Foot
By Joshua Bower Peer Support 2013/14

2. The Knee

3. What type of joint is the knee? What movements does it permit? [3]
Modified synovial hinge joint
Flexion-extension
Rotation (medial and lateral)
Translocation

4. How many articulations are present at the knee?
3 (2x femero-tibial, 1x femero-patellar)

5. What are the menisci? Give FOUR functions [4]
Crescent-shaped pieces of fibrocartilage which sit on the tibial condyles
Increase surface area Weight bearing Shock absorbing Locking mechanism participation

6.
Knee Arthroscopy

7. Give THREE functions of the patella [3]
Reduce ligament strain
Spread forces passing to femoral condyles
Increases movement (mechanical bending force) of quadriceps

8. What ligaments are present in the knee?
Anterior cruciate ligament
Posterior cruciate ligament
Medial collateral ligament
Lateral collateral ligament

11. A 35 year old male tears his medial collateral ligament during a football match. What else might be damaged and with what consequence?
The medial meniscus, as it is attached to the MCL. This typically leads to pain and swelling at the knee, and the patient may be unable to fully extend their leg.

12. What bursae are present around the knee
What bursae are present around the knee? What is their bursitis known as?

13. What happens when the knee goes into full extension
What happens when the knee goes into full extension? How is this reversed?
The knee undergoes a passive movement, whereby the femur rotates medially on the tibia and ‘locks’. The ligaments are under tension, stabilising the knee joint.
Unlocked by popliteus (lateral rotation)

14. The Leg

15. Compartments? Functions? Nerve supply? Blood supply?
Anterior Compartment
Foot & digit dorsiflexors & invertors
Deep fibular nerve (L4,5,S1)
Anterior tibial artery

16. Compartments?
Functions?
Nerve supply?
Blood supply?
Lateral Compartment
Foot evertors
Superficial fibular nerve (L5,S1)
Fibular artery

17. Compartments?
Functions?
Nerve supply?
Blood supply?
Posterior Compartment
Foot & digit plantarflexors & invertors
Tibial nerve (L4,5, S1,2)
Posterior tibial artery

18. Daylight Savings Time = DST
Nerve supply tip
Daylight Savings Time = DST

19. Anterior compartment 1 Tibialis anterior (L4) Loss? 2
Extensor digitorum (L5)
Extensor hallucis (L5) 2 3

20. A 17 year old female was hit by a moving car on the lateral side of her knee. Why is she at risk of foot drop?
Common fibular nerve is subcutaneous at the head of the fibula and at risk of damage/compression

21. Describe the surface anatomy of the dorsalis pedis artery

22. Lateral compartment 1 Fibularis longus (L5, S1)
Fibularis brevis (L5, S1) 2

23. Posterior compartment1
Soleus (S1-2)
Gastrocnemius (S1-2)
3. Tibialis posterior (L4,5)
4. Flexor digitorum (S1,2)
5. Flexor hallucis (S1,2) 2 3 4 5
Loss of this compartment?
Weak push off

24. The tendo-calcaneus reflex tests what nerves?

25. Arterial supply Popliteal artery 1 Anterior tibial artery 2
Posterior tibial artery
Fibular artery 1 2 3 4

26. Greater saphenous vein
Venous Supply
Greater saphenous vein
Lesser saphenous vein

27. The Ankle and Foot

28. What type of joint is the ankle? What bones articulate?
Synovial hinge joint
Talus, fibula and tibia

29. Talus
Cuboid
Navicular
Cuneiforms (medial, intermediate, lateral)
Tiger Cubs Need MILC 4 3 1 2

30. Which is dorsiflexion?
Plantarflexion
Dorsiflexion

31. (Turn the bottom of your foot INwards)
Which is inversion?
Inversion
Eversion
(Turn the bottom of your foot INwards)

32. List the contents of the tarsal tunnel [7]

33. What ligaments are present at the ankle?
Medial collateral (deltoid) x4
Tibio-x (-calcaneal, anterior -talar, posterior -talar, - navicular)
Lateral collateral x3
x-fibular (calcaneo-, ant and post talo-)

34. Lateral (it is weaker than the deltoid)
Basic diagnosis?
Patient landed on his foot ‘funny’, and now cannot weight-bear. There is swelling at the ankle and pain.
Malleolar avulsion fracture
Do you expect the pain to be on the medial or lateral ankle?
Lateral (it is weaker than the deltoid)

35. What is it called if the arch support is lost?
Name the foot arches
What is it called if the arch support is lost?

36. Arterial supply 1 Digital arteries Plantar arch Lateral plantar artery
Medial plantar artery
Posterior tibial artery 2 3 4 5