1. The peritoneum

2. General features
The peritoneum is a thin serous membrane that line the walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavities and cover the organs within these cavities
Parietal peritoneum －lines the walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavities
Visceral peritoneum －covers the organs
Peritoneal cavity －the potential space between the parietal and visceral layer of peritoneum, in the male, is a closed sac, but in the female, there is a communication with the exterior through the uterine tubes, the uterus, and the vagina

3. Function
Secretes a lubricating serous fluid that continuously moistens the associated organs
Absorb
Support viscera

4. The relationship between viscera and peritoneum
Intraperitoneal viscera －viscera completely surrounded by peritoneum, example, stomach, superior part of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, vermiform appendix, transverse and sigmoid colons, spleen and ovary
Interperitoneal viscera －most part of viscera surrounded by peritoneum, example, liver, gallbladder, ascending and descending colon, upper part of rectum, urinary bladder and uterus
Retroperitoneal viscera －some organs lie on the posterior abdominal wall and are covered by peritoneum on their anterior surfaces only, example, kidney, suprarenal gland, pancreas, descending and horizontal parts of duodenum, middle and lower parts of rectum, and ureter
Intraperitoneal viscera
Interperitoneal viscera
Retroperitoneal viscera

5. Interperitoneal viscera

6. Structures which are formed by peritoneum
Omentum －two-layered fold of peritoneum that extends from stomach to adjacent organs

7. Lessor omentum
－two-layered fold of peritoneum which extends from porta hepatis to lesser curvature of stomach and superior part of duodenum
Hepatogastric ligament －extends from porta hepatis to lesser curvature of stomach
Hepatoduodenal ligament Extends from porta hepatis to superior part of duodenum
Contains common bile duct, proper hepatic a. and hepatic portal v.

8. Omental foramen Behind the right border of hepatoduodenal ligament
Superior－caudate lobe of liver
Inferior－superior part of duodenum
Anterior－hepatodudenal ligament
Posterior－peritoneum covering the inferior vena cava

9. Greater omentum
－four-layered fold of peritoneum, the anterior two layers descend from the greater curvature of stomach and superior part of duodenum and hangs down like an apron in front of coils of small intestine, and then turns upward and attaches to the transverse colon. If an infection occurs in the intestine, plasma cells formed in the lymph nodes combat the infection and help prevent it from spreading to the peritoneum.

10. Lessor omentum
Greater omentum

11. Omental bursa Position－situated behind the lesser omentum and stomach
Walls
Superior－peritoneum which covers the caudate lobe of liver and diaphragm
Anterior－formed by lesser omentum, peritoneum of posterior wall of stomach, and anterior two layers of greater omentum
Inferior－conjunctive area of anterior and posterior two layers of greater omentum
Posterior－formed by posterior two layers of greater omentum, transverse colon and transverse mesocolon, peritoneum covering pancreas, left kidney and suprarenal gland

12. Left－formed by the spleen, gastrosplenic ligament and splenorenal ligament
Right－formed by omental foramen
The Omental bursa (lesser sac) communicates with the greater sac through the omental foramen.

13. Mesenteries or mesocolons－two-layered fold of peritoneum that attach part of the intestines to the posterior abdominal wall

14. Mesentery
－suspends the small intestine from the posterior abdominal wall
Broad and a fan-shaped
Consists of two peritoneal layers
Intestinal border－folded, 7 m long
Radix of mesentery
15 cm long
Directed obliquely from left side of L2 to in front of right sacroiliac joint

16. Mesoappendix
Triangular mesentery－extends from terminal part of ileum to appendix
Appendicular artery runs in free margin of the mesoappendix

17. Transverse mesocolon －a double fold of peritoneum which connects the transverse colon to the posterior abdominal wall
Sigmoid mesocolon －inverted V-shaped, with apex located in front of left ureter and division of common iliac artery

18. Ligaments Ligaments of liver
－two-layered folds of peritoneum that attached the lesser mobile solid visera to the abdominal wall
Ligaments of liver
Falciform ligament of liver
Consists of double peritoneal layer
Extends from anterior abdominal wall (umbilicus) to live
Free border of ligament site of ligamentum teres

19. Coronary ligament －the area between upper and lower parts of the coronary ligament is the bare area of live, this area is devoid of peritoneum and lies in contract with the diaphragm
Left and right triangular ligaments
－formed by right extremity of coronary ligament and left leaf of falciform ligament, respectively

20. Hepatogastric ligament
Hepatoduodenal ligament
Ligamentum teres hepatis

21. Ligaments of spleen
Gastrosplenic ligament －a double layer of peritoneum that connects the fundus of stomach to hilum of spleen. In this double layer of peritoneum are the short gastric and left gastroepiploic vessels
Splenorenal ligament －extends between the hilum of spleen and anterior aspect of left kidney. The splenic vessels lies within this ligament, as well as the tail of pancreas
Phrenicosplenic ligament
Splenocolic ligament

22. Ligaments of stomach Hepatogastric ligament Gastrosplenic ligament
Gastrophrenic ligament
Gastrocolic ligament
Gastropancrestic ligament

23. Folds and recesses of posterior abdominal wall
Superior duodenal fold and recess
Inferior duodenal fold and recess
Intersigmoid recess －formed by the inverted V attachment of sigmoid mesocolon

24. Retrocecal recess －in which the appendix frequenty lies
Hepatorenal recess －lies between the right lobe of liver, right kidney, and right colic flexure, and is the lowest parts of the peritoneal cavity when the subject is supine

25. Folds and fossas of anterior abdominal wall
Medial umbilical fold －contain the remnant of urachus (median umbilical ligaments)
Medial umbilical fold －contains remnants of the umbilical arteries (medial umbilical ligaments)
Lateral umbilical fold －contains the inferior epigastric vessels
Supravesical fossa
Medial inguinal fossa
Lateral inguinal fossa

26. Pouches In male－rectovesical pouch In female
Rectouterine pouch －between rectum and uterus
Vesicouterine pouch －between bladder and uterus

27. Peritoneal subdivisions
The transverse colon and transverse mesocolon divides the greater sac into supracolic and infracolic compartments.
Supracolic compartments (subphrenic space)－lies between diaphragm and transverse colon and transverse mesocolon
Suprahepatic recess lies between the diaphragm and live－the falciform ligament divides it into right and left suprahepatic recesses

28. Left suprahepatic recesses
left anterior suprahepatic spaces
left posterior suprahepatic spaces
Right suprahepatic recesses
right anterior suprahepatic spaces
right posterior suprahepatic spaces
bare area of live (extraperitoneal space)

29. Infrahepatic recess
lies between the live and transverse colon and transverse mesocolon－the ligamentum teres hepatic divides it into right and left infrahepatic recesses
Right infrahepatic recesses (hepatorenal recess)
Left infrahepatic recesses
left anterior infrahepatic space
left posterior infrahepatic space

30. Infracolic compartments －lies below the transverse colon and transverse mesocolon
Right paracolic sulcus (gutter)
－lies lateral to the ascending colon. It communicates with the hepatorenal recess and the pelvic cavity. It provides a route for the spread of infection between the pelvic and the upper abdominal region.
Left paracolic sulcus (gutter)
－lies lateral to the descending colon. It is separated from the area around the spleen by the phrenicocolic ligament, a fold of peritoneum that passes from the colic flexure to the diaphragm.

31. Right mesenteric sinus －triangular space, lies between root of mesentery, ascending colon, right 2/3 of transverse colon and transverse mesocolon
Left mesenteric sinus －lies between root of mesentery, descending colon, right 1/3 of transverse colon and transverse mesocolon, its widens below where it is continuous with the cavity of the pelvis

32. Supracolic region

33. abdominal part of esophagus
stomach
duodenum
liver
Extrahepatic Biliary Apparatus
spleen
pancreas

34. Abdominal aorta
Continuation of thoracic aorta at aortic hiatus of diaphragm in front of T12
Terminates at lower border of L4 vertebra by dividing into right and left common iliac arteries

35. Parietal branches Inferior phrenic a. (one pair)
Lumbar a. (four pairs of arteries that supply the posterior abdominal wall)
Median sacral a.

36. Visceral branches Paired branches Middle suprarenal artery
Testicular (ovarian) artery

37. Unpaired branches Celiac trunk
－a short thick vessel that arises from the front of aorta, at the level of T12
Superior mesenteric a. －arises from the front of aorta, at the level of L2
Inferior mesenteric a. －arises from the front of aorta, at level of L3

38. Celiac trunk Left gastric a. Left branch Right branch Short gastric a.
Common
hepatic a.
Cystic a.
Splenic a.
Right gastric a.
Splemic branches
Proper hepatic a.
Gastroduodenal a.
Left gastrioeploic a.
Superior pancreaticoduodenal a.
Right gastroepiploic a.

39. Celiac trunk

40. Superior mesenteric a. Superior Middle colic a. Mesenteric v.
Inf. pancresticodudenal a.
Superior
mesenteric a.
Right colic a.
Jejunal and ileal a.
Ileocolic a.
Appendicular a.

41. Inferior mesenteric a. Inferior mesenteric v. Left colic a. Sigmoid a.
Superior rectal a.

42. Colic marginal artery

43. Relations of abdominal aorta Anteriorly (from above downward)
Pancreas
Ascending part of duodenum
Radix of mesentery
Posteriorly
Upper four lumber vertebrae
On its right
Inferior vena cava
On its left
Left sympathetic trunk

44. Veins of abdomen and pelvis
Internal iliac vein
Parietal tributaries: accompany with arteries
Visceral tributaries
→superior rectal vein→inferior mesenteric v.
①Rectal venous plexus →inferior rectal vein→internal iliac v.
→anal vein→internal pudendal v.
②Vesical venous plexus →vesical v.
③Uterine venous plexus →uterine v.

45. External iliac vein– accompany the artery
Common iliac vein– formed by union of internal and external iliac veins in front of sacroiliac joint, end upon L4~L5 by uniting each other to form inferior vena cava

46. Inferior vena cava
Formed by union of two common iliac veins anterior to and just to the right of L4~L5
Ascends on the right side of aorta, pierces vena cava foramen of diaphragm opposite the T8 and drains into the right atrium
Conveys blood from the whole body below the diaphragm to the right atrium

47. Chief tributaries Parietal Visceral Paired inferior phrenic v.
paired lumbar v. (four)
Visceral
Right and left renal veins
Right suprarenal vein (left drain into left renal vein)
Right testicular or ovarian v. (left drain into left renal vein)
Hepatic veins : right, left and intermediate

48. Relations of inferior vena cava
Anteriorly (cranially to caudally)
Liver
Head of pancreas
Horizontal part of duodenum
Right testicular (or ovarian) a.
Radix of mesentery
Posteriorly
Right crus of diaphragm
Upper four lumber vertebrae
Left sympathetic trunk
Parietal branches of abdominal aorta
On its right
Psoas major
Right kidney
Right suprarenal gland
On its left
Abdominal aorta

49. Hepatic portal vein General features
Formed behind the neck of pancreas by the union of superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein
Ascends upwards and to the right, posterior to the first part of duodenum and then enters the lesser omentum to the porta hepatis, where it divides into right and left branches
There are no functioning valves in hepatic portal system
Drains blood from gastrointestinal tract from the lower end of oesophagus to the upper end of anal canal, pancreas, gall bladder, bile ducts and spleen

50. Variation and anomalies
of hepatic portal vein

51. Tributaries of hepatic portal vein
1. Superior mesenteric v.
2. Inferior mesenteric v.
3. Splenic v.
4. Left gastric v.
5. Right gastric v.
6. Cystic v.
7. Paraumbilical v.

52. Portal-systemic anastomoses
1. At the lower end of the oesophagus
Hepatic portal vein → left gastric vein → esophageal
venous plexus → esophageal vein → azygos vein
→ superiorvena cava
2. At rectal venous plexus
Hepatic portal vein → splenic vein → inferior mesenteric
vein → superior rectal vein → rectal venous plexus →
inferior rectal and anal veins → internal iliac vein →
inferior vena cava
3. At periumbilical venous plexus
Hepatic portal vein→paraumbilical vein→periumbilical
venous plexus→
thoracoepigastric and superior epigastric vein → superiorvena cava
superficial epigastric and inferior epigastric veins → inferior vena cava

53. 4. Portal-retroperitoneal anastomosis
Between the retroperitoneal branches of the colic veins and the lumbar veins, pancreaticoduodenal veins with the renal veins and the subcapsular veins of the liver with the phrenic veins twigs of colic veins (portal) anastomosing with systemic retroperitoneal veins

54. The lymphatic drainage of abdomen
Lymphatic drainage of abdominal wall
To axillary lymph node from region above umbilicus
To superficial inguinal lymph node from region below umbilicus
To lumbar lymph node from post wall of abdomen

55. Lymphatic drainage of abdominal viscera Lumbar lymph nodes
Lie on posterior abdominal wall, along the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava
Receive lymph from kidneys, suprarenal glands, testes, ovaris, fundus of uterus, ovary, and common iliac nodes
Right and left lumbar trunks formed by efferent vessel
Paired viscera－drain to the lumbar lymph nodes

56. Celiac lymph nodes －situated around the celiac trunk
Superior mesenteric lymph node －situated around superior mesenteric a.
Inferior mesenteric lymph node －situated around inferior mesenteric a.
Intestinal trunk －formed by efferent vessel of celiac, superior and inferior lymph nodes

57. Thoracic duct
Begins in front of L1 as a dilated sac, the cisterna chyli, which formed by joining of left and right lumbar trunks and intestinal trunk
Enter thoracic cavity by passing through the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm and ascends along on the front of the vertebral column, between thoracic aorta and azygos vein
Travels upward, veering to the left at the level of T5
At the roof of the neck, it turns laterally and arches forwards and descends to enter the left venous angle
Just before termination, it receives the left jugular, subclavian and bronchomediastinal trunks
Drains lymph from lower limbs, pelvic cavity, abdominal cavity, left side of thorax, and left side of the head, neck and left upper limb

58. Spleen
Location: lies in the left hypochondriac region (between stomach and diaphragm) deep to the 9th to 11th rib, its long axis corresponds roughly to the 10th rib
Shape－reddish in colour

59. Two surfaces
Diaphragmatic: smooth, convex
Visceral: concave, hilum of spleen
Two extremities
Anterior－wider
Posterior－rounder
Two border
Superior－has 2-3 splenic notch, which serve as a landmark on palpation when it is enlarge; normally it is not palpable
Inferior－rounder
Functions: the spleen is considered to be important in:
Formation of lymphocytes and monocyte
Phagocytosis of bacteria, inert particles and white blood cells and platelets
Destroying effete or abnormal red blood cells
Making antibodies

60. Spleen Function Erythrocyte storage Phagocytosis Cytopoiesis
Immune responses

61. Relationships of spleen
Diaphragmatic surface－diaphragm
Visceral surface
Anteriorly－fundus of stomach
Posteriorly－left suprarenal gland and kidney
Inferiorly－tail of pancreas and left colic flexure